懷仁七中九年級英語第二輪專題復習學案
英語組 云幸
被動語態及非謂語動詞
一、語態有兩種：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。
考點1.被動語態的構成：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞（助動詞有人稱、數和時態的變化）
1).一般現在時：is /am /are +過去分詞
English is spoken by many people.
Tea is grown in
Are they made in
Where is it made ?
2).一般過去時：was / were +過去分詞
A lot of flowers were planted along the street last month.
Another classroom building was built last year .
Some new computers were inverted by scientists.
3).現在進行時：is / am /are + being+過去分詞
A new bridge is being built over there .
The flowers are being watered by Mr Li now .
4).現在完成時：have / has +been+過去分詞
Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries in the world.
The work has been finished on time.
5).一般將來時：will /shall/be going to+be+過去分詞
The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.
The wind will be stopped from blowing the earth away.
6).含有情態動詞的被動語態：can /may /must +過去分詞
The work can be finished in a month.
A large hole must be dug .
Books can’t be taken out of the reading room .
考點2、主動語態變被動語態
1).主動結構的賓語變為被動結構的主語。（賓語是人稱代詞時，要將賓格變為主格）
2).主動結構的謂語動詞由主動語態變為被動語態。
3).主動結構的主語變為介詞by的賓語，組成介詞短語，放在被動結構中謂語動詞之后，在動作的執行者無須說明或不必強調時，by短語可以省略。
4).主動語態變為被動語態，時態要保持一致。
We repaired the motor.→The motor was repaired by us.
考點3、被動語態的用法
1).當我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰時.
Those books are written for children.
This jacket is made of cotton.
2).動作的承受者是談話的中心，并用介詞by引導動作的執行者。
Food is needed by us all .
The room is cleaned by me every day .
The book was translated into English by me .
This song was written by a friend of mine .
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .
The tree was blown down by the strong wind .
3).一些相當于及物動詞的短語動詞也可用于被動結構中，因此短語動詞是一個不可分割的詞組，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。
The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .
Why can’t the word be looked up in this dictionary?
The lights must be turned off .
A short play will be put on at the party .
4).帶雙賓語（即直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動語態變為被動語態時，可將其中的一個賓語變為被動句的主語，另一個不變。一般把間接賓語變為被動語態的主語顯得自然些，把直接賓語留作被動句的賓語。如果把直接賓語變為被動句的主語，則要在間接賓語前加介詞（一般是for或to）
He gave me a book. →I was given a book (by him )
→A book was given to me (by him).
5).主動句中動詞make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作賓語補足語時，動詞不定式都需去掉to，即后接不帶的動詞不定式。但變為被動語態時，后面的不定式須加上to .
I often hear her sing .→She is often heard to sing.
His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.
→He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.
6).疑問詞作主語的句子變為被動語態。
Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago ?
→By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago ?
Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago?
7)有些動詞的主動語態表被動含義。
Great changes have taken place in our country since 1979.
This kind of car sells well .
What happened yesterday ?
The shop opens at seven .
Young trees need watering well .
The window wants repairing.
8)need , require , want當“需要”講時，后加動名詞，用主動形式表示被動意義，也可用動詞不定式表示被動意義。
This desk needs repairing/ to be repaired .
9)有些被動語態結構成了習慣用法。
It is said that…據說……
It is (was) reported that…據報道……
It is well-known that…眾所周知……
非謂語動詞也叫動詞的非限定形式，包括現在分詞、動名詞、過去分詞和不定式，它們不能獨立充當謂語動詞，而是與一定的助動詞結合構成進行時、完成時、被動語態，或在句子中擔任主語、表語、賓語、補語、狀語等，在形式上不受主語的人稱和數的制約。
二、非謂語動詞
考點1、動名詞：動名詞是由動詞+ -ing構成的，其作用相當于名詞，可用來作主語、賓語。
Taking a walk after supper is good for your health .
Betty likes reading books very much .
考點2、動詞不定式：動詞不定式沒有人稱和數的變化，在句子中不能做謂語。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語，它還具有動詞的特點，可以有自己的賓語和狀語。它的形式是to+動詞原形，否定式為not to+動詞原形。
(1)作主語：動詞不定式作主語時，常用it作形式主語（it無詞義），而將動詞不定式放在后面，其形式為：It+be+形容詞+（for sb.）+ 動詞不定式
To learn a foreign language is important now.
→It is important to learn a foreign language.
It’s necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.
It’s too heavy for the boy to carry the box. .
It takes him a quarter to cut the hair .
(2)作賓語和賓語補足語
①動詞不定式一般不作介詞賓語，常作及物動詞的賓語，這些動詞有want,begin ,start , like ,forget ,ask ,learn, decide , wish等
The boy wants to go to school.
He began to learn French three years ago .
②動詞不定式在句中作賓語補足語用得很廣泛，如：
He asked me to help him.
Tell him not to be late .
My parents tell me to study English hard .
I would like you to meet my English teacher .
③動詞不定式在感官動詞see,watch,hear,feel和使役動詞let, make,have等詞后作賓語補足語時，常省去不定式符號to 。另外在had better后也不帶to ，help后可帶可不帶to .
I hear him sing every night .
Let’s go to school together .
Her mother makes her do her homework every evening .
You’d better stay at home .
I often help my mother (to) do some washing .
④疑問詞+不定式作賓語，如：
He didn’t know where he should go .
→He didn’t know where to go .
I don’t know what I should do .
→I don’t know what to do .
We haven’t decided when we’ll leave here .
→We haven’t decided when to leave here .
(3)作表語，在系動詞之后作表語
Her work is to look after the babies.
(4)作定語，動詞不定式作定語，需放在被修飾的名詞之后。
I have quite a lot of homework to do .
(5)作狀語，表示目的、原因、結果
He came here to see his father .
I’m sorry to hear that .
Tom is too young to go to school. 
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