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A. mind B. heart C. brain D. mental 【查看更多】

閱讀理解，閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項。

　　Rene Descartes’ explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine．He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon – that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain．The phenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain．It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become．In medicine, doctors see pain in Descartes’ terms-as a physical process, a sing of tissue injury．

　　The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all．Later, researchers proposed that Descartes’ model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain．They argued that before pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord(脊髓)．In some cases, this imaginary gate could simply step gain signals from getting to the brain．

　　Their most amazing suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other “output” from the brain．They were saying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring．The bell itself-the mind-could stop it．This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of pain．In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement：after immersing your hand in body-temperature water for two mintues to establish a baseline condition, you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running．You mark the time when it begins to hurt：that is your pain threshold．Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water：that is your pain tolerance．The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury．

　　The results were striking．On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds．Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts．Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between mals dancers and mals nondancers was nearly as large．What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers – a group known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic(慢性)injury．Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain．Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that, with training, one can reduce one's sensitivity to pain．

　　There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain．In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo injection and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort-not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work．

　　Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bell on a string．Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact．There's a problem with it, though．It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesn't explain the reverse, which is far more common-the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever．So where does the pain come from? The rope and clapper are gone, but the bell is still ringing．

(1)

The primary purpose of the passage is to ________．
[　　]
A．	describe how modern research has updated an old explanation．
B．	support a traditional view with new data．
C．	promote a particular attitude towards physical experience．
D．	suggest a creative treatment for a medical condition．

(2)

Which statement best describes Descartes theory of pain presented in paragraph 1?
[　　]
A．	The brain can shut pain off at will．
B．	The brain plays no part in the body's experience of pain．
C．	Pain can be caused in many different ways．
D．	Pain is an automatic response to bodily injury．

(3)

The author implies that the reason why the gate control was “amazing” was that it ________
[　　]
A．	offered an extremely new and original explanation．
B．	was just opposite to people's everyday experiences．
C．	was grounded in an ridiculous logic．
D．	was so sensible it should have been proposed centuries before．

(4)

The author refers to “chronic back pain” as an example of something that is ________
[　　]
A．	costly, because it troubles millions of people．
B．	puzzling, because it sometimes has no obvious cause．
C．	disappointing, because it does not improve with treatment．
D．	worrying, because it lies beyond the reach of medicine．

(5)

The last sentence of the passage serves mainly to express that ________
[　　]
A．	scientific judgments are difficult to understand．
B．	theoretical investigations are generally useless．
C．	researchers still have a long way to go before the puzzle is made clear．
D．	there is always something puzzling at the heart of science．

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根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
You may know the benefits of laughter on the mind and spirit. _1___ Norman Cousins used to say that laughter has such a good effect on your body that it is like “inner jogging”.
Mayo Clinic Health Letter reports that laughter aids breathing by incresing your breathing rate.. It can even help clear mucus(黏液) from your lungs.
__2__ It increases circulation(循環(huán)) and improves the flow of oxgen and nutrition to tissues(血管) throught your body..It can help protect you against a heart attack.
__3___ It helps fight off colds, flu,etc. by increasing the concentration of immunolobulin (免疫球蛋白A) in your saliva(唾液) .And it may help control pain by raising the levels of certain brain chemicals.
In addition, it is a natural stress reliever（緩解）.Have you ever laughed so hard that you bent over, fell off your chair, or spit out your food? __4___
I read that a child laughs 400 times a day on average, while an adult laughs only 15 times each day. The good news is that you are allowed more than 15 laughs a day! Go ahead and double it and make it 30 times today. You may begin to notice immediate improvement in your relationships! Then double it again! __5___ People will enjoy being around you as well.
Laughter: it’s the best medicine!
A. Laughter is also good for your heart.
B. Laughter can bring some relief from mental stress.
C. A good, hearty laugh relieves physical tension(緊張) and stress.
D. However, it is confusing why laughter makes people feel so good.
E. A good laugh helps build up your body to protect against diseases
F. You are likely to feel even better and deal with problems more effectively.
G. However, are you aware of how much a good laugh can help you physically?

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根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

You may know the benefits of laughter on the mind and spirit. _1___ Norman Cousins used to say that laughter has such a good effect on your body that it is like “inner jogging”.

Mayo Clinic Health Letter reports that laughter aids breathing by incresing your breathing rate.. It can even help clear mucus(黏液) from your lungs.

__2__ It increases circulation(循環(huán)) and improves the flow of oxgen and nutrition to tissues(血管) throught your body..It can help protect you against a heart attack.

__3___ It helps fight off colds, flu,etc. by increasing the concentration of immunolobulin (免疫球蛋白A) in your saliva(唾液) .And it may help control pain by raising the levels of certain brain chemicals.

In addition, it is a natural stress reliever（緩解）.Have you ever laughed so hard that you bent over, fell off your chair, or spit out your food? __4___

I read that a child laughs 400 times a day on average, while an adult laughs only 15 times each day. The good news is that you are allowed more than 15 laughs a day! Go ahead and double it and make it 30 times today. You may begin to notice immediate improvement in your relationships! Then double it again! __5___ People will enjoy being around you as well.

Laughter: it’s the best medicine!

A. Laughter is also good for your heart.

B. Laughter can bring some relief from mental stress.

C. A good, hearty laugh relieves physical tension(緊張) and stress.

D. However, it is confusing why laughter makes people feel so good.

E. A good laugh helps build up your body to protect against diseases

F. You are likely to feel even better and deal with problems more effectively.

G. However, are you aware of how much a good laugh can help you physically?

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根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。

You may know the benefits of laughter on the mind and spirit. _71___ Norman Cousins used to say that laughter has such a good effect on your body that it is like “inner jogging”.

Mayo Clinic Health Letter reports that laughter aids breathing by incresing your breathing rate.. It can even help clear mucus(黏液) from your lungs.

__72__ It increases circulation(循環(huán)) and improves the flow of oxgen and nutrition to tissues(血管) throught your body..It can help protect you against a heart attack.

__73___ It helps fight off colds, flu,etc. by increasing the concentration of immunolobulin (免疫球蛋白A) in your saliva(唾液) .And it may help control pain by raising the levels of certain brain chemicals.

In addition, it is a natural stress reliever（緩解）.Have you ever laughed so hard that you bent over, fell off your chair, or spit out your food? __74___

I read that a child laughs 400 times a day on average, while an adult laughs only 15 times each day. The good news is that you are allowed more than 15 laughs a day! Go ahead and double it and make it 30 times today. You may begin to notice immediate improvement in your relationships! Then double it again! __75___ People will enjoy being around you as well.

Laughter: it’s the best medicine!

A.　　 Laughter is also good for your heart.

B.　　 Laughter can bring some relief from mental stress.

C.　　 A good, hearty laugh relieves physical tension(緊張) and stress.

D.　　 However, it is confusing why laughter makes people feel so good.

E.　　 A good laugh helps build up your body to protect against diseases

F.　　 You are likely to feel even better and deal with problems more effectively.

G.　　 However, are you aware of how much a good laugh can help you physically?

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I was recently invited to lecture on anxiety to several hundred mental-health professionals. My talk was scheduled to __1__those of a number of famous psychiatrists. When my turn came, I was especially ___2__ because the speaker before me had been particularly impressive and charming. As I approached the podium(講臺)， my heart pounded and my mouth went completely ___3__.

What am I doing here? I asked myself. To make matters worse, my presentation partly __4___ with fear of public speaking. To ___5__ myself, I tried an unusual way. I asked the audience,” How many of you feel nervous__6___ you give a speech. Nearly every hand __7__. “Well, that’s exactly _8__ I feel right now!”

The audience___9__ with laughter. I relaxed and was able to get on with my __30__.

__11__, we all find ourselves in a __12___ that makes us nervous. Perhaps you’re afraid of saying __13___things at a drinking party, stumbling over a presentation at work or having your _14__go blank during a test. For some of us the anxiety is so __15__ that it is personally and professionally incapability.___16__ the years, my work with hundreds of patients has taught me that __17__ can increase his or her social ___18___, even in the most stressful situations. And I have a few simple but helpful__19__, such as tackling your fears one step at a time; focusing on others; ___20__anxiety into energy and stopping comparing yourself, which I think are of great value to us in our work.

1. A. take	B. follow	C. observe	D. learn
2. A. worried	B. eager	C. nervous	D. anxious
3. A. sweet	B. wet	C. bad	D. dry
4. A. dealt	B. went	C. stayed	D. left
5. A. comfort	B. calm	C. enjoy	D. delight
6. A. during	B. while	C. before	D. when
7. A. went up	B. raised	C. lifted	D. brought up
8. A. what	B. how	C. when	D. why
9. A. shouted	B. cried	C. responded	D. answered
10. A. job	B. idea	C. speech	D. nervousness
11 . A. At times	B. At any time	C. All the time	D. At one time
12. A. state	B. condition	C. situation	D. position
13. A. foolish	B. wonderful	C. believable	D. false
14. A. head	B. mind	C. heart	D. brain
15. A. important	B. valuable	C. difficult	D. strong
16. A. For	B. Through	C. During	D. Over
17. A. anyone	B. someone	C. none	D. no one
18. A. position	B. experience	C. knowledge	D. confidence
19. A. tips	B. ideas	C. means	D. abilities
20. A. putting	B. turning	C. forcing	D. getting

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1-15 CDDCC CABDC BCBCC

16-35 CBBAC ADCAB CCBAB BCBCA

36-50 CABBB ACBAB CBDCD

51-55 BGEAD

【短文改錯】

My brother Tom was very selfish when he was a little boy. He did not want ∧ share things

to

with other people. For example, when he buy a chocolate cake, he put them in a secret place

bought it

where I couldn’t find it. Then he ate it all by himself. He never helped other. He said he is busy.

others was

That is, a game of tennis making him very busy. He did not care if something he did made

made

people angry. For instance, one night he played strong and loudly music till four o’clock in the

loud

morning. But now he is difference. He often helps grandma with housework, helps mom with

different

cooking and helps his classmates with his lessons.

their

One possible version:

On a sunny day in April, we organized a community environmental program called “Love Our Community” in order to create a cleaner and more harmonious community.

In the morning, we went to clean the streets and wash the windows in the community. We swept up the fallen leaves and the rubbish, and put them into the dustbins. After that, we learned from an experienced gardener about how to trim trees and bushes. We carefully observed the gardener and then we did it by ourselves. In the afternoon, we gave a lecture about the environment for the residents of the community. They listened very carefully. Obviously, they liked our lecture very much. Meanwhile, we handed out environmental leaflets to passers-by in the community.

From this program, we have learned a lot about how to protect our environment and make

more people realize the significance of protecting the environment.

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