高中生必須理清的三大點英語語法
一．非謂語動詞
語法功能： 表示與謂語動詞同步發生w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語法功能：表示發生在謂語動詞之前
二）不定式常考的考點：
1）不定式做定語----將要發生
2）不定式做狀語----目的
3）不定式充當名詞功能---To see is to believe.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動作的完整性，真實性；
+ doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強調"我見他正干活"這個動作）
v 感官動詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2) 使役動詞have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動以后要還原to
I’d like to have John do it.
I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
四)有些動詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan, offer，decide，agree，expect, allow sb to do, cause sb to do, permit sb to do, enable sb to do, force sb to do, be more likely to do, love to do, warn sb to do, be able to do, be ambitious to do, begin to do, start to do
We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET 1995）
A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C）
五) 有的時候to后面要接-ing形式w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
二. 動名詞： 具有動作性特征的名詞
1)是名詞 seeing is believing
2)具有動詞性特征可以帶賓語 starving troops is necessary.
一)動名詞的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動形式：This question is far from being settled.
二) 動名詞常考的點
1)動名詞做主語謂語動詞為單數
2)在動名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動名詞
3)動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992）
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些詞后只能接動名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動的意思。其中，want不太常用。
5有些詞后加不定式和動名詞均可w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
I remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的動作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個動作)
forgot與remember的用法類似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 試驗 Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈加工資意味著增加購買力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
—The light in the office is still on．
—Oh，I forgot _______ ．（MET 1991）
A．turning it off B．turn it off C．to turn it off D．having turned it off（Key：C）
—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．
—Well，now I regret _______ that．（NMET 1995）
A．to do B．to be doing C．to have done D．having done（Key：D）
3 分詞：
現在分詞主動進行,過去分詞被動狀態
現在分詞的形式:
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語動詞同步發生)
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發生謂語動詞之前)
3)完成被動形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發生謂語動詞之前且表示被動) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
過去分詞
1) 過去分詞表示被動：Fight no battle unprepared.
2)過去分詞的進行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強調正在被做)
這三種非謂語動詞，都可以構成復合結構，非謂語動詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動詞的邏輯主語。他們之間的一致關系——主動還是被動，往往就是考點。獨立主格結構中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之間的主動被動的關系。
二：虛擬語氣和情態動詞
情態動詞的基本用法及其區別
最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態動詞的基本用法及其區別，因此在平時學習時準確理解和掌握情態動詞的基本用法十分重要。情態動詞的用法復雜多變，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查學生對情態動詞的理解和掌握。對于情態動詞，除了要求考生能夠準確掌握它們的基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設置的語境來分析句子之間所體現的特殊關系。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現的情態動詞的考點進行歸納分析，以便同學們復習掌握。
一、用“情態動詞＋have ＋done”結構表示對過去動作的推測，高考試題中常用過去時態或過去的時間狀語給以暗示。情態動詞的這一用法可以用 “對立統一”來概括。
1．當試題的前句和后句在動作和意義上相互補充說明，且整個句意在動作和時間上是一個整體時，我們可用“統一”關系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結構有：
must have done：
表示對過去動作的肯定推測，常譯作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can’t／couldn’t have done
疑問式為Can／Could...have done﹖。
could ／might have done：表示對過去發生的動作的可能性推測，常譯作“可能做了……”。如：
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． (上海 2000)
A． couldn’t have attended
B． needn’t have attended
C． mustn’t have attended
D． shouldn’t have attended
本題選A。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． (上海’97)
A． mustn’t have arrived
B． shouldn’t have arrived
C． can’t have arrived
D． need not have arrived （C）
2．當試題的前后句在動作和意義上構成轉折關系時，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來表示過去的動作與客觀事實不符，這時我們就可以用“對立”關系來解決這樣的試題。這種結構常見的有：
should have done ／ ought to have done：表示過去本應該做某事而實際上沒有做。
should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示過去本不應該做某事但事實上卻做了。
need have done：表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實上沒有做。
need not have done：表示過去本來沒有必要做某事，但事實上卻做了。如：
3) I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word． (NMET2001)
A． mustn’t leave B． shouldn’t have left
C． couldn’t have left D． needn’t leave
“本不應該離家出走卻走了”，故本題選B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her． (NMET’94)
A． had to write it out
B． must have written it out
C． should have written it out
D． ought to write it out
由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對立關系，分析題意可知本題應選C。
5) —Is John coming by train﹖
—He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car． (NMET2002)
A． must B． can C． need D． may
mustn’t 表示“禁止、不準”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not
表示“可能不”。分析語境可知本題應選D。
6) —I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I have a look﹖
—Yes, certainly． (北京2002春)
A． Do B． May C． Shall D． Should
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything． How ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ (上海2001春)
A． can B． should C． may D． must
must be 表示肯定的猜測，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應選A。
8) —Are you coming to Jeff’s party﹖
—I’m not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead． (NMET2000)
A． must B． would C． should D． might
由題意和下句中的 “I’m not sure”
可知這段對話中存在一種可能性推測，might可以用來表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D。又如： I should have been there, but I ＿＿＿＿＿ not find the time． (上海2000春) A． would B． could C． might D． should
分析題意可知第二個分句表示過去的某種能力；C 項只表示語氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選B。
9) Johnny, you ＿＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself． (NMET’96)
A． won’t; can’t B． mustn’t; may
C． shouldn’t; must D． can’t; shouldn’t
mustn’t 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析題意可知第二個空表示某種可能性，故本題選B。
10) —Will you stay for lunch﹖
—Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿＿． My brother is coming to see me． (NMET’99)
A． I mustn’t B． I can’t
C． I needn’t D． I won’t
分析題意可知因為“我弟弟要來看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此對別人的邀請或要求應給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項表示“禁止”；C項表示“不必要”；而D項表示“不會”，均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如：
—Could I borrow your dictionary﹖
—Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿．(MET’92)
A． might B． will C． can D． should (C)
11)—When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon．
分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語氣比較委婉shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見和指示，如果此空用shall，則意為“要（我）看一下嗎？”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。
—They ＿＿＿＿＿ be ready by 1200． (NMET’98)
A． can B． should C． might D． need
該題考查情態動詞should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應選B。又如：
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out．(NMET’97)
A． had to B． would C． could D． was able to
該題考查了could和be able to的區別，二者都可表示過去時間的能力，但如果表示過去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本題選D。
13) —Shall I tell John about it ﹖
—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿． I’ve told him already． (NMET’94)
A． needn’t B． wouldn’t C． mustn’t D． shouldn’t
情態動詞shall在試題中表示征詢對方意見或請求指示。答句暗示 “沒有必要了”，故本題選A
虛擬語氣
v 最自然的虛擬狀態：由should/would+原型時態（不含時間只含狀態）
本質上是過去將來時：即，時間固定在過去將來，狀態不同：一般、進行、完成、完成進行。
這時"虛擬語氣"的產生往往是因為我們要表達"本來應該……"（而現在卻還沒有……）
（本來可以……，本來能……）
I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應該多多練習！（言下之意，現在我練習得不多。）
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見的句型中，就會出現這種虛擬語氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉
osuggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
odemand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
orequire, request;
othink, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設，應該"這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會包含有should+原型時態構成的虛擬語氣。
這些動詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：
主語從句，表語從句，同位語從句
It's suggested that…
My suggestion is that…w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that…
一些形容詞引起的表語從句中，也會有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
Ø由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
v 表達與事實相反
1. 與現在相反：使用[過去時]：
I wish I were not here! (一般現在à一般過去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般現在à一般過去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現在進行à過去進行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (現在完成à過去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (現在完成進行à過去完成進行)
常考句型：It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…
這兩個從句，只能表達對現在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過去時。
2. 與過去相反：過去完成時；
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 與將來相反？將來的事情沒有發生，所以只能推測且實現可能很小
I wish he could not smoke any more.
不過，由于可以用be to表示將來；所以，虛擬語氣中經常出現were to；也是CET-4的常考語法點。
v 虛擬條件句
oif 部分，做一個與事實相反的假設（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）；
o主句部分，這是表示基于這個假設的推測，一般使用情態動詞would，少數情況下使用could/might/should。
o注意：兩個部分之間，是有邏輯關系，而在兩部分的謂語動詞時態上，沒有必然的聯系。
v 注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產生倒裝。
v 隱含的非真實條件 :由特殊的詞給出條件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or
How could I be happy without you?In his shoes, I would kill myself.
But for the storm, we would have arrived.
一)主謂一致
三、一致關系
1． 主謂一致（與插入語無關）
1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。
2定語從句中的主謂一致：
3隨前一致： w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
n. + together with n2
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原則：n1 or n2 +v（就近原則）
either n1 or n2
5可數n1 and 可數n2+v(pl)
不可數n1 and 不可數n2+v(pl)
例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一個整體
但是如果主語表示的是同一個概念，同一人，同一事的時候，謂語動詞用單數，這種結構的特征是and連接的兩個詞只有一個冠詞。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.
類似的還有：law and order bread and
butter black and white
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …
6隨后原則：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(與B一致)
7百分比結構：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent
of+n1+v.（由n1決定）
8倒裝結構的主謂一致：
a）There be +n 由名詞決定動詞
b）Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結構：
Among / Between …+系動詞+n. （由名詞決定動詞）
9The+adj的主謂一致：
a）當表示“一類人”,
b）當表示某一抽象概念時
The good is always attractive.
10 To do/doing/主從+vs
*More than one+n
many a +n.
a day or two
二)、倒裝
1 全部倒裝
是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
2) 表示運動方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
注意：1) 上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 謂語動詞是be的時候，不能倒裝。 Here it is. Here you are.
3） 形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首，引起倒裝
*typical of characteristic of
*coinciding with + n
4） 表示地點范圍的介詞短語位于句首，謂語動詞為系動詞，一定引起倒裝
In…（表語）+系動詞+主，主同。
*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現there
*常考介詞要倒裝：among between in at beneath
常考的系動詞：be lie exist remain rest
部分倒裝
1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒裝：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1） not until + 時間 + 主謂倒裝，not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
2） only+狀語位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短語 eg: in recently years
從句 eg: when clause
only一個詞本身不倒裝
3） 在比較級結構中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。
Ø1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產生倒裝，一般主動詞提前，謂語動詞的其他部分就
4) as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。
as〔讓步〕雖然，盡管〔詞序倒裝。語氣比 though 強〕。
Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他雖成功，卻不驕傲。
Women as she is, she's every brave.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意：A) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
5) 其他部分倒裝
a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首時，需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.
c) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.
四、復合句
從句可分為：
Ø名詞性從句à 主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句
Ø形容詞性從句à定語從句
Ø副詞性從句à狀語從句w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
v 常考的關系代詞：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。
v 常見的同位語從句現行詞（that之前的抽象名詞）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…
v 常用的引導詞
o時間狀語從句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…
o地點狀語從句：where; wherever
o原因狀語從句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…
o方式狀語從句：as; as if; as though; how; save that…
o比較狀語從句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;
o結果狀語從句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…
o條件狀語從句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….
o讓步狀語從句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…
o目的狀語從句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…
定語從句:
which 引導的定語從句結構
1）which是關系代詞，which后面應該加缺主語或者賓語的句子，
在這個句子中，which要作成分，作主語或者賓語
2）in which+完整的句子
which在定語從句中作in的賓語，所以不能作后面句子的主語
3）名詞+of which+謂語動詞
of which來修飾名詞，名詞在定語從句中作主語，所以后面直接跟謂語動詞
I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.
4）介詞+ which +to do 其功能相當于定語從句。
The key with which to open the door is lost.
5）定語從句的省略結構：
1． 如果that / which在定從中作 賓語，可以省略.
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt
→s+vt+n+s+v
s+vt+n1+n2+vt
*當做題時，若發現兩個名詞在一起，但是似乎連不上，則一定省略that /
which，則動詞為vt，做謂語。
6）定從的特殊省略
the way (in which) + 句子
the reason (why that)+句子 均為完整句
the time (that / when)+句子
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.
By the time省that+句子，句子。
7）定從的主系省略（主+系可同時省）
即：which be , who be , that be可同時省
狀語從句省略結構
這種省略從句主語的方式理論上需要滿足以下兩個條件：
第三、從句的謂語必須是be動詞，主語和be動詞同進同出，
比如上面的they和are要么同時省略，要么同時保留。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
高考英語插入語及插入句的用法
在NMET中，插入語屢見不鮮，由于插入語通常與句中其它成分沒有語法上的關系，因此給考生的理解帶來一定困難。插入語多半用逗號與句子隔開，用來表示說話者對句子所表達的意思的態度。插入語可能是一個詞、一個短語或一個句子。
一、常用做插入語的副詞
indeed的確, surely無疑, however然而, obviously顯然, frankly坦率地說, naturally自然, luckily (或happily) for sb.算某人幸運, fortunately幸好, strangely奇怪, hone stly真的, briefly簡單地說等。
1. Surely, she wont go to China Telecom with you.
當然她不會和你一起去中國電信。
2. Strangely, he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely, he has not called me.
奇怪，他未來過中國聯通。更奇怪，他沒給我打電話。
3. Fortunately, I found the book that Id lost.
幸虧我找到了已丟失的那本書。
true真的, funny真可笑, strange to say說也奇怪, needless to say不用說, most impor tant of all最為重要, worse still更糟糕的等。
二、常見的作插入語的形容詞或其短語
1. Strange to say (或True), he should have done such a thing.
說也奇怪(或真的)，他竟然做出這樣的事。
2. Most important of all, you each overfulfilled your own task.
更為重要的，你們各自超額完成了自己的任務。
in a few words(或in sum, in short)簡而言之, in other words換句話說, in a sense在某種意義上, in general一般說來, in my view在我看來, in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意見(判斷), in conclusion總之, in summary概括地說, in fact事實上, in the first place首先, in addition此外, of course當然, to our knowledge據我們所知, to my joy(delight, satisfaction)使我欣慰(高興、滿意)的, to their surprise(astonis hment, amazement)使他們驚奇的, to her regret (disappointment)使她遺憾(失望)的, for instance(或example)例如, as a matter of fact事實上等。
三、常用作插入語的介詞短語
1. Of course, he did not succeed for the lack of experience.
當然，他由于缺乏經驗而未成功。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
2. She knows much more about computer science than the other students do, for instance.
例如，她在計算機科學方面就比其他同學懂得多。
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