2009年高考英語知識點串講（4）
第4講
一、Language points
1.
sth
sth for sth
prepare+ for sth
to do sth
be prepared for
be prepared to do sth
make preparations for
2. 
They tied for first place in the game.
We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match.
The dog is tied to a tree.
3. affect vt. 影響
effect
n. 效果，作用
have a good/bad effect on
in effect事實上
cause and effect因果
take effect生效，起作用
come into effect生效，實行
effort
n. 努力
without effort毫不費力
make every effort盡一切努力
spare no effort不遺余力
3. 
weigh vt. 稱…的重量
vi. 重達…， 重量為…
put on weight
lose weight
by weight
in meters/pounds/calories
by the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton
4. 
in…參加…比賽
compete+ with/against…與…競賽/競爭
for…角逐…，為獲取…而競賽
5. 
Where there is a river, there is a city.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Where there is life, there is hope.
6. 
do
sth
not do sth
do sth than do sth
would rather+ =would do sth rather than do sth
=prefer to do sth rather than do sth
that-clause+ did──表現在或將來
had done──表過去
7. 
do damage to sth
live one’s dream
in ruins/in pieces
under attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment
8.
almost: 差距比nearly小。可與never, no, no one, none,
nobody, nothing, nowhere等否定詞連用，但不能
與not連用。
nearly: 不可與上述否定詞連用，但可與not連用，構成
Not…nearly, 意為“遠非…，遠不及…”
二、語法專題──形容詞和副詞的考點
1. 形容詞和副詞的辨析：一般無規律可循，只能在于平常時多積累。我們應注意這幾點：(1)分清形容詞和副詞各自的語法功能，即形容詞常用作定語，而副詞常用作狀語；(2)掌握具體的形容詞、副詞的基本含義和語法功能。如therefore意為“所以”，在句中起關聯作用。(3)有些副詞有兩種形式，其中一種形式與形容詞相同，另一種形式是在形容詞后加-ly，意義不太相同，應加以分辨。常見的有：close接近──closely仔細地，密切地；high高──highly高度地；free免費──freely自由地，自如地；late晚，遲──lately近來；deep深──deeply深刻地，深入地；near鄰近──nearly幾乎； hard努力地──hardly幾乎不；most最──mostly主要地；
wide寬闊──widely廣泛地；easy從容地──easily容易地
(4)有些副詞與形容詞的詞形完全相同。換言之，有些詞同時兼有形容詞和副詞兩種詞性。常見的有：early, straight, slow, enough, fast, hard, long, firm等。
2. 形容詞和副詞的詞序：
(1)enough用作形容詞修飾名詞時，可前可后；用作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，只能位于之后。例：enough time/time enough; strong enough。
(2)形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時要后置，something important。
(3)as, how, so, too修飾單數名詞時，其詞序為：as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.，too large a room; how interesting a film; Mike is as clever a boy as Tom。
(4)such修飾單數名詞時，其詞序為：such+a/an+adj.+n.，such a large room; 但名詞前是one, some, many, all, no等修飾時，其詞序為：one/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.。
(5)多個形容詞作定語時的詞序為：縣官行令宴國才──限定詞＋描繪性形容詞＋大小、長短、高低等形容詞＋新舊＋顏色＋國家、地區＋材料＋用途＋被修飾名詞。限定詞包括：前位限定詞，如：倍數詞、分數詞及all, both, half, double等；中位限定詞，如：冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、所有格及some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, much, whose等；后位限定詞，如：基數詞，序數詞及little(表示少)，few, last, next, other, another, more, less, most, several, least, plenty of等不定量代詞；限定詞的排列順序：前位＋中位＋后位＋中心詞。
(6)倍數的表示法：A is n times bigger than B.
as big as
the size of
John has five times as many books as mine.
3. 形容詞和副詞的比較等級：
(1)當A>B時，比較級＋than
(2)當A>B，且B包含A時
He is older than any of the other boys (=any other boy) in his class.
當A>B，但B不包含A時
He is richer than any of the people here.
I’m taller than any student of your class.
(3)比較級＋and＋比較級：表示自身的變化
The＋比較級，the＋比較級：表示隨之變化。
(4)“否定詞＋謂語＋比較級”相當于最高級
I’ve never seen a nicer bird than this one.
How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
(5)常見的無比較級、最高級的形容詞和副詞有：cpmparative(ly), relative(ly), particular(ly), special(ly), excellent(ly), extreme(ly), perfect(ly), complete(ly)等。
(6)more+原級+than: 與其說…不如說…。
(7)可以修飾比較級的副詞有：any, even, far, much, rather, still, yet, a bit, a little, a lot, by far, 但不可加very, many, more, fairly, quite(但quite better除外)。
4. 形容詞和副詞的成分區別：
(1)不能作定語的形容詞(大多數以a開頭)：afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, ill, well, 若要作定語，則分別改用frightened, similar, living, lone, shy, sleeping, waking, sick, healthy; 有時這些形容詞也可以作定語，但一般作后置定語。
(2)作狀語一般用副詞，但有時形容詞可作伴隨狀語。
He hurried home, full of fear./ All men all created equal.
在題干上附加一些語言信息，將詞法、句法等知識融入到語境之中，使試題語境化，其特點是：如果單獨看空白和選項，各個選項都是正確的。然而，將題干和選項聯系起來考慮，就只有一個最佳選項。常見的題型有：(1)對話語境；運用對話語境命題是高考的一種趨勢，應該正確理解對話雙方的語氣、時態、語態，從而確定正確的選項；(2)句中的語境：有些試題選項中的一個或幾個好像都適用這個問題，但是，根據句子的語境的意義，就可判斷出只有一個是最佳答案；(3)動詞的時態和語態，情態動詞及語氣，形容詞和副詞的級。
三、題型歸納──語境、語境＋語法型單項填空
1. ----Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty?
----Mom, I____ my store room downstairs.
A. cleaned B. have cleaned C. was cleaning D. have been cleaning
2. ----I think Gorge doesn’t really care for TV plays.
----Right, ____ he still watches the program.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
3. If you can’t come tomorrow, we’ll____ have to hold the meeting next week.
A. yet B. even C. rather D. just
4. I’m going to
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken D. take
5. We are sure everything here____ by the time you come back from abroad in a few years.
A. had changed B. will have changed
C. had been changed D. will have been changed
6. Hello, you____ 323-65668. I’m sorry but I’m unable to answer your call right now.
A. reached B. are reaching C. have reached D. had reached
7. The meeting is not over, and you____ not leave.
A. will B. shall C. may D. need
8. Had I learnt English well, I____ the interview for the job tomorrow.
A. would take B. would have taken C. shall take D. could be taken
9. Bob is____ honest boy, and he won’t tell lies.
A. most B. the most C. a most D. very much
10. With the doctor’s treatment, Sally feels____ better now.
A. very B. fairly C. so D. quite
11. Though the ship sunk, all the people on her____ be resuced.
A. could B. should C. had to D. were able to
12. We will all appreciate____ you can come to join us in developing my hometown.
A. that if B. it if C. it that D. that when
13. ____ he said to us yesterday____ true?
A. What can, was B. That can, was
C. Can what, be D. Can that, be
14. He told me that he would remember the days in
A. where B. which C. that D. when
15. ____ is what he did, not what he said, that moved us greatly.
A. It B. This C. Which D. As
1-5 DBDBD 6-10 BBACD 11-15 DBCDA
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