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 2009年高考閱讀理解分析指導(dǎo)（七）

考點(diǎn)七 圖形識(shí)別題

圖形識(shí)別題旨在考查考生對(duì)圖形、地圖、插圖或圖表等形象化表現(xiàn)信息方式的識(shí)別能力。現(xiàn)以2001年全國(guó)卷B篇為例，分析如下：

Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel, the world’s first igloo hotel. Built in a small town in Lapland, it has been attracting lots of visitors, but soon the fun will be over.

In two weeks’ time Bergqvist’s ice creation (作品) will be nothing more than a pool of water.“We don’t see it as a big problem,”he says.“We just look forward to replacing it.”

Bergqvist built his first igloo in 1991 for an art exhibition. It was so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters. Six workmen spent more than eight weeks piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a wooden base; when the snow froze, the base was removed.“The only wooden thing we have left in the igloo is the front door,”he says.

After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success. With no windows, nowhere to hang clothes and temperatures below 0°C, it may seem more like a survival test than a relaxing (輕松的) hotel break.“It’s great fun,”Bergqvist explains,“as well as a good start in survival training.”

The popularity of the igloo is beyond doubt: it is now attracting tourists from all over the world. At least 800 people have stayed at the igloo this season even though there are only 10 rooms. “You can get a lot of people in,”explains Bergqvist.“The beds are three meters wide by two meters long, and can fit at least four at one time.”

63. Which of the four pictures below is the closest to the igloo hotel as described in the text?

A.            B.             C.               D.

解答此類試題應(yīng)把握如下要領(lǐng)：

1. 要將文中的信息與圖形信息有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，圖文互相參照、互相驗(yàn)證；

2. 要重點(diǎn)把握好文中方位介詞及有關(guān)信息詞；

3. 要注意比較選項(xiàng)中提供的各種圖形的異同，并從中捕捉有效信息。

本篇文章共有5個(gè)自然段，274個(gè)單詞，信息較豐富，但與雪屋旅店結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)的信息主要在第三段中“…piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a wooden base; when the snow froze, the base was removed. “The only wooden thing we have left in the igloo is the front door,”he says.”和第四段中“With no windows…”。

分辨有效和無效信息與比較圖形異同，這兩個(gè)過程實(shí)質(zhì)上是交叉進(jìn)行的。判斷信息是否有效，主要就是看它對(duì)于選定或排除答案是否有作用。如：本題B項(xiàng)不符合文意，因?yàn)樗�的墻壁上留有窗戶；C項(xiàng)不符合文意，因?yàn)檠┪菰旌煤笪磳⒌鬃�移走；D項(xiàng)不符合文意，因?yàn)槲ㄒ坏哪鹃T不見了。故答案為A。

考點(diǎn)十 指代關(guān)系題

在閱讀英語文章時(shí)，對(duì)指代關(guān)系的理解往往至關(guān)重要。為避免重復(fù)上文而使行文更加流暢和簡(jiǎn)潔，作者非常頻繁地使用人稱代詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞等，如it, its, they, them, their, this, that, these, those, one, ones等，用來指代上文提到的人或物。

解答這類題，要注意代詞的原則是就近指代，即代詞指代在性(陰性或陽性)、數(shù)(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))、格(主格或賓格)、邏輯、意義、位置等方面與之接近的名詞。

就位置而言，如上所述，代詞所指代的名詞通常在本句或其上句之中；就數(shù)而言，單數(shù)代詞指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：it 指代單數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞)，也可指代一個(gè)句子；they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞主格；them指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞賓格；one指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞等。除了位置、性、數(shù)和格等方面的要求外，邏輯和意義也是衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也就是說，正確答案應(yīng)該從意義上和邏輯上來說均通順。有時(shí)，代詞與指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所真正指代的內(nèi)容。

常見的指代關(guān)系題的提問方式有：

1. What does the underlined word “it” refer to?

2. The underlined word “they” in the ... paragraph refers to ______.

3. The underlined word “...” in Paragraph ... refers to ______.

如：...

Tanni’s enduring success had been part motivation (動(dòng)機(jī)), part preparation, “The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter (短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員), enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to race… I am still competing at a very high level, but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart.”

Indeed Tanni retired finally after the Visa Paralympic World Cup in 2007. Her wish is to coach young athletes for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. (2008福建卷 A篇)

58. The underlined word “that” in the 5^th paragraph refers to _____.

A. fifty weeks’ training          B. being a good sprinter

C. training almost every day      D. part motivation and part preparation

根據(jù)代詞的就近指代原則，that指代其前的“I train 50 weeks of the year”這句話的內(nèi)容，換用名詞短語來表達(dá)就是：fifty weeks’ training of the year (一年之中50周的訓(xùn)練)，換言之，幾乎每天都訓(xùn)練，所以答案是C。此題易誤選A，注意“fifty weeks’ training”與“fifty weeks’ training of the year” 所表達(dá)的概念是不一樣的，前者缺少限定范圍，可指兩年里的50周，也可指人一生中的50 周。