Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.
“We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.
Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.
That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.
【小題1】How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?
| A．They took the order even without being rewarded. |
| B．They took the order only when rewarded. |
| C．They turned a deaf ear to repeated orders. |
| D．They hesitated longer when given repeated orders. |
| A．originated from Range’s research on dogs. |
| B．showed that animals do pay attention to inequity. |
| C．began the argument that only humans are aware of inequity. |
| D．was conducted to find out how monkeys reacted to humans’ orders. |
| A．was given less work. |
| B．was given more food. |
| C．was given the same type of food. |
| D．was given more delicious food. |
| A．care more about whether they are rewarded. |
| B．care less about what they are rewarded with. |
| C．care more about what they are ordered to do. |
| D．care less about who gives them orders. |
| A．Animals have various ways to show their anger. |
| B．Dogs are less intelligent than monkeys. |
| C．Dogs have a sense of fairness. |
| D．Most animals want to be rewarded equally. |
數學奧賽暑假天天練南京大學出版社系列答案科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年廣東省佛山一中高一第二次段考英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However, it wasn’t all sweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behavior. They are learning how to talk each other’s language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk ‘dog’, and dogs can learn how to talk ‘cat’.
What’s interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other’s presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other.
The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets — to people who don’t get along, including neighbors, colleagues at work, and even world superpowers. If cats and dogs can learn to get along, surely people have a good chance.
【小題1】The underlined word “swimmingly” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “without _________”.
| A．a message | B．a problem | C．introduction | D．delay |
| A．they are cold to each other |
| B．they look away from each other |
| C．they misunderstood each other’s signals |
| D．they are introduced at an early age |
| A．They eat and sleep each other. |
| B．They observe each other’s behaviors. |
| C．They learn to speak each other’s language. |
| D．They know something from each other’s voices. |
| A．have common interests |
| B．are less different than was thought |
| C．have a common body language |
| D．are less intelligent than was expected |
| A．We should learn to live in harmony. |
| B．We should know more about animals. |
| C．We should live in peace with animals. |
| D．We should learn more body languages. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆黑龍江哈師大附中高二下期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Dogs and millionaires have a lot in common. They are absolute opportunists (especially when it comes to rewards). They defend their territory(地盤). And in general, they don’t like cats. Perhaps that explains a new survey showing that millionaires are far more dog-friendly than the rest of Americans.
According to a study by Spectrem Group, 58% of millionaire pet owners have a dog. Only 37% own a cat. Only 3% keep fish, 2% birds and 2% have a horse. Similarly, 39% of U. S. households own a dog, compared to 33% of households owning a cat, released by the Humane Society.
Jennifer Cona, a trust and estates attorney(信托和資產律師) and partner with Genser Subow Genser & Cona in New York, does a lot of work on pet trusts. She said of all the pet trusts she’s worked on, 90% are for dogs and only 10% are for cats.
She said dogs provide one thing especially important for the wealthy: unconditional love.
“You don’t get that from a cat,” she said, “Dogs are like children for some families, except that they don’t mess up in college or run off with money. Sometimes it’s easy to see why dogs are the favorite children.”
Millionaires show their love for their dogs in part by their spending. One quarter of millionaire pet owners spend more than $1, 000 a year on their pets, the Spectrem study said, while more than half spend more than $500 a year.
Many would say those numbers are understated, given all the diamond-dog collars, dog foods and booming dog spas in evidence these days, not to mention the medical bills.
The survey showed 34% of pet owners spend money on decorating, while 6% spend on “sweaters, outfits and costumes.”
More than half of millionaire pet owners spend money on teeth cleaning for their pets. More than 16%, meanwhile, said they would spend money on reconstructive surgeries and “anti-anxiety, anti-depression” medication for their pets.
1.What is the passage mainly about?
A．Millionaires like dogs more than other Americans.
B．Keeping dogs as pets is quite popular among Americans.
C．Pet dogs help relieve their owners’ anxiety and depression.
D．Millionaires spend much money on teeth cleaning for their pets.
2.From the survey by Spectrem Group, we can learn ___________.
A．about one third of American households own a cat
B．more than half of millionaire pet owners have a dog
C．millionaire pet owners spend $1, 000 on their pets daily
D．34% of pet owners spend money on dog clothing
3.What’s the main reason why millionaires show great love for their dogs?
A．They can afford the high expense to raise pet dogs.
B．Pet dogs have never made a mess of things around.
C．Millionaires feel more secure in company of dogs.
D．Pet dogs show unconditional love for their owners.
4.What does Jennifer Cona probably think of millionaires owning pet dogs ?
A．Ridiculous. B．Acceptable. C．Negative. D．Indifferent.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆安徽省高二下學期第一次質量檢測英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
When the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin, including Beethoven's Ode to Joy, with the word "Joy" changed to "Freedom" in the lyrics sung．The orchestra（管弦樂隊）were drawn from both East and West Germany, as well as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States．
Freedom was in the air and it was not just for people． The wall between East and West Germany had also kept a large population of wild pigs within the eastern forests of Brandenburg．The wall's falling down made it easier for the big pigs—a very big one can weigh over 300 pounds—to leave the woodlands and walk into the town． Warm winters and easy access to food have helped the population increase． Now about 10,000 wild pigs walk around Berlin．
The nature of the beast has added to the boom（興旺）．"The pigs are intelligent," says Marc Franusch, a spokesman for the Berlin forestry department． "They learn to use the neighborhoods．They get used to people, dogs, and traffic．"
The wild pigs tend to travel in small groups and have been found searching rubbish and gardens, feeding their piglets（小豬）in the shadow of parked cars, and crossing busy roads．On average, the animals are involved in one traffic accident every day． And despite the fact that it's illegal, some Berliners have been known to give the pigs food．
Though wild pigs are protected under German law, the city's forestry department is permitted to kill 2,000 of the creatures every year, targeting mostly young adult animals in forests surrounding Berlin． Pigs within city limits are only shot if they make an immediate threat．No humans have yet been seriously wounded by them, but local dogs have been the victims of their tusks． "The forestry department is not aiming to get rid of the pigs," explains Franusch, "but we do have to reduce dangerous situations．"
1.The concert in the first paragraph is given to ．
A．celebrate Bernstein's success B．remind people of fighting for rights
C．show the artists' delight of life D．express people's joy for freedom
2.The following factors contribute to the boom of wild pigs EXCEPT ．
A．the Berlin Wall B．adequate food
C．their own nature D．warm winter
3.From the text we can know that ．
A．in Berlin people can never kill any wild pig
B．it is against law to offer food to wild pigs
C．wild pigs each weigh more than three hundred pounds
D．traffic accidents are mainly caused by wild pigs in Berlin
4.The article mainly talks about ．
A．why wild pigs in Berlin enjoy so much freedom
B．when wild pigs were united in Berlin
C．how wild pigs are living in Berlin
D．what damage wild pigs have done to Berliners
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科目：高中英語 來源：四川省2010屆高三高考熱身英語試題 題型：閱讀理解
One thing that every dog needs to know how to do is sit. Teaching a dog to sit is probably the easiest trick in the book. Dogs learn to sit by praise. You must first introduce them to what sitting is.
Gently place your hand over the top part of their bottoms and gently push down. Once you have got them into the sitting position, say “sit”. Now, make sure that they have sat down and give them a treat for praise. Wait a while before doing it again because each time you do it, you will be rewarding them for it.
Using treats while training your dog to sit will help him or her learn a lot easier. He or she might think, “Okay I get it, so when I sit, I get a treat!” So in the beginning, give your dog a treat every time they sit. At first, when you are training your dog to sit, they will feel puzzled. This is very normal because sitting is new to them. Dogs favor routine(常規), and once sitting becomes a part of their daily routine, it will be something that they truly enjoy doing for their owners when asked.
Young puppies are often the easiest to train to sit. Sitting is a simple and easy command that can be taught to any dog. Older dogs may learn a bit more slowly, but this is simply because they have got into much more of a routine. Do not think that your older dog cannot learn how to sit. It just takes time.
If you are having a seemingly difficult time teaching your dog to sit, you may need to go to your nearest library and rent a book on your particular dog family. Different dogs have different tempers. What is normal of one dog may not be so true for others. There are many things that will decide whether your dog has an easy time learning how to sit, but most of it will be up to you.
1. The most important thing in training a dog is _____
A. trick B. praise C. order D. treat
2. Young puppies are easier to train to sit because ______.
A. they are cleverer than older dogs
B. they haven’t got into much of a routine
C. they are different from old dogs in temper
D. they enjoy doing what their owners tell them to
3. We can know from the text that ______.
A. dogs, whether young or old, can be taught to sit only
B. dogs will sit when their owners pat them on the head
C. owners do not play an important part in training dogs to sit
D. different dogs should be treated differently when taught to sit
4. This text is probably taken from ______.
A. a travel journal B. a TV guidance C. a book about pets D. a research report
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆浙江省高一摸底考試英語題 題型：閱讀理解
Do dogs understand us?
Be careful what you say around your dog. It might understand more than you think.
A border collie named Rico recognizes the names of about 200 objects, say researchers in Germany. The dog also appears to be able to learn new words as easily as a 3-year-old child. Its word-learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee.
In one experiment, the researchers took all 200 items that Rico is supposed to know and divided them into 20 groups of 10 objects. Then the owner told the dog to go and fetch one of the items and bring it back. In four tests, Rico got 37 out of 40 commands right. As the dog couldn't see anyone to get clues, the scientists believe Rico must understand the meanings of certain words.
In another experiment, the scientists took one toy that Rico had never seen before and put it in a room with seven toys whose names the dog already knew. The owner then told Rico to fetch the object, using a word the dog had never heard before.
The correct object was chosen in seven out of ten tests, suggesting that the dog had worked
out the answer by process of elimination(排除法). A month later, Rico remembered half of the new names, which is even more impressive.
Rico is thought to be smarter than the average dog. For one thing, Rico is a border collie, a breed (品種)known for its mental abilities. In addition, the 9-year-old dog has been trained to fetch toys by their names since the age of nine months.
It's hard to know if all dogs understand at least some of the words we say. Even if they do, they can't talk back. Still, it wouldn't hurt to sweet-talk your dog every now and then. You might just get a big, wet kiss in return!
1. From paragraph 2 we know that __ .
A. animals are as clever as human beings
B. chimpanzees have very good word-learning skills
C. dogs are smarter than parrots and chimpanzees
D. dogs have similar learning abilities as 3-year-old children
2.Both experiments show that .
A. Rico is smart enough to get all commands right
B. Rico can recognize different things including toys
C. Rico has developed the ability of learning mathematics
D. Rico won't forget the names of objects once recognizing them
3. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Rico has a better memory partly because of its proper early training.
B. The purpose of the experiments is to show the border collie's mental abilities.
C. The border collie is world-famous for recognizing objects.
D. Rico is born to understand its owner's commands.
4.What does the writer want to tell us?
A. To train your dog. B. To talk to your dog.
C. To be careful with your dog. D. To be friendly to your dog.
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