（B）
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive．
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture”．
Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts．
Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior．
Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes．That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．
69．Which of the following statements would the supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?
A．A person’s instincts have little effect on his actions．
B．Environment is important in determining a person’s behavior and personality．
C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act．
D．The behaviorists’ view correctly explains how we act．
70．Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article____________．
A．supports the nature theory
B．supports the nurture theory
C．believes both are completely wrong
D．thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories．
71．In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests．With this in mind, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks．
B．Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior environment．
C．Behaviorists would say that Blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that Whites enjoy．
D．Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to Whites．
科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年重慶市高三上學期半期考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Everyone knows about straight-A students. We see them frequently in TV situation comedies and in movies like Revenge(報復)of the Nerds. They get high grades, all right, but only by becoming dull laborers, their noses always stuck in a book. They are not good at social communication and look clumsy(笨拙的) while doing sports.
How, then, do we account for Domenica Roman or Paul Melendres?
Roman is on the tennis team at Fairmont Senior High School. She also sings in the choral group, serves on the student council and is a member of the mathematics society. For two years she has maintained A’s in every subject. Melendres, a freshman at the University of New Mexico, was student-body president at Valley High School in Albuquerque. He played soccer and basketball well, exhibited at the science fair, and meanwhile worked as a reporter on a local television station. Being a speech giver at the graduation ceremony, he achieved straight A’s in his regular classes, plus bonus points for A’s in two college-level courses.
How do super-achievers like Roman and Melendres do it? Brains aren’t the only answer. “Top grades don’t always go to the brightest students,” declares Herbert Walberg, a professor of education at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who has conducted major studies on super-achieving students. “Knowing how to make the most of your innate(天生的)abilities counts for more. Much more.”
In fact, Walberg says, students with high IQ sometimes don’t do as well as classmates with lower IQ. For them, learning comes too easily and they never find out how to get down.
Hard work isn’t the whole story, either. “It’s not how long you sit there with the books open,” said one of the many-A students we interviewed. “It’s what you do while you’re sitting.” Indeed, some of these students actually put in fewer hours of homework time than their lower-scoring classmates.
The kids at the top of the class get there by mastering a few basic techniques that others can readily learn.
1.The underlined word “nerds” can probably be________ .
A．dull bookworms lacking sports and social skills
B．successful top students popular with their peers
C．students with certain learning difficulties
D．born leaders crazy about social activities
2.What can we conclude from the first paragraph?
A．Most TV programs and films are about straight-A students.
B．People have unfavorable impression on straight-A students.
C．Everyone knows about straight-A students from TV or films.
D．Straight-A students are well admired by people in the society.
3.Some students become super-achievers mainly because_________ .
A．they are born cleverer than others
B．they work longer hours at study
C．they make full use of their abilities
D．they know the shortcut to success
4.What will be talked about after the last paragraph?
A．The interviews with more students.
B．The role IQ plays in learning well.
C．The techniques to be better learners.
D．The achievements top students make.
5.What can we infer from the passage?
A．IQ is more important than hard work in study.
B．The brightest students can never get low grades.
C．Top students certainly achieve all-around developments.
D．Students with average IQ can become super-achievers.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆江蘇省徐州市高二上學期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Millions of British people have ditched the traditional ‘thank you’ and replaced it with the less formal ‘cheers’, according to a survey.
Although the average person will say ‘thank you’ nearly 5,000 times a year, one in three are more likely to throw in a ‘cheers’ or ‘ta’ where it’s needed, rather than risk sounding old fashioned.
One in 20 now say ‘nice one’ instead, while younger generations are more likely to offer a ‘cool’ than a ‘thank you’.‘Merci’, ‘fab’ and even ‘gracias’ were also listed as common phrases to use, as was ‘much appreciated’.
One in twenty who took part in the survey of 2,000 people by the Food Network UK for Thank You Day, which is marked on November 24, 2011, said a formal ‘thank you’ was now not often needed in everyday conversation. More than one in ten adults said they regularly won’t say thank you if they are in a bad mood. Most people declared that saying thank you was something drilled into them by their parents. A huge 70 percent of those questioned will say thank you to a person’s face without even meaning it, while a fifth avoid saying it when they know they should — on at least two occasions every day.
It seems our friends and family get the brunt (壓力) of our bad manners with half admitting they’re not good at thanking those closest to them — many justifying (為…辯解) the lack of thanks because their family ‘already know I’m grateful’.
When spoken words won’t do, it falls to a nice text to do the job for most people. A third will still send a handwritten thank-you note — but 45 percent admit it’s been more than six months since they bothered to send one.
A quarter of British people say thank you with food, with 23 percent cooking a meal to show their appreciation to someone. Another 15 percent bake a cake.
It follows that 85 percent of people will be annoyed at not getting the gratitude (感激) they feel they should receive.
1.Most of the people who took part in the survey say that they say “thank you” _____.
A．when they are in good mood
B．completely out of habit
C．when they feel truly grateful
D．purely out of politeness
2.The underlined word “ditched” in Paragraph 1 means “________”.
A．given up B．used C．shared D．grasped
3.It can be learned from the passage that _______.
A．different ways of expressing gratitude are all fashionable
B．people should avoid saying “thank you” nowadays
C．a thank-you note is still appreciated by most people
D．people in a bad mood never say “thank you”
4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Most people express their gratitude to others by buying food for them.
B．About fifty percent of people try not to say thank you when they should.
C．Most people may feel natural when they fail to receive others’ gratitude.
D．Many people think it unnecessary to say thanks to their family members.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆廣東省高二下學期第一次階段考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
A small town in Tasmania, an island off the south coast of mainland Australia, is making itself an environmental role model by becoming the country's first plastic bag-free town.
Since April 28, Coles Bay's population of 175 and its tourist shoppers have been using reusable paper or cloth bags to carry their shopping.
Ben Keamey, a local businessman who supports the bag ban, said it would cut the amount of waste and prevent damage to native wildlife that try to eat the plastic.
"Most businesses here come from the tourism and that's all based on the environment, so people were pretty supportive," he said.
Every year Australians use more than six billion plastic bags. More than half of these come from the supermarket. Since it takes years for the bags to biodegrade（生物遞減分解）, tens of millions end up polluting the environment. They kill about 100,000 sea-birds and animals, which mistake bags for food, every year.
Only in the past few months have major Australian supermarkets begun cutting on their use of plastic bags. Environmental groups are pushing for a plastic bag fee like that in Ireland. There, since plastic bags cost 10 pence (about 1 yuan) each, their use has been cut by 90 per cent.
Pollution caused by plastic bags is a big headache for countries all over the world. As early as 1999, Beijing said that only plastic bags of certain thickness could be used. This was to encourage them to be used again and again, since an average of six million plastic bags are used there every there every single day.
1.Which might be the best title for this passage?
A．Deadly Plastic Bags B．The End of Plastic Bags
C．How to Reuse Plastic Bags D．The Present Situation of Plastic Bags
2.Plastic bags will not be used by the native people of Coles Bay because they ______.
A．cause the environmental pollution B．are not easy to be reused
C．are not as good as cloth bags D．are not strong enough
3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Plastic bags kill many animals in Australia each year.
B．Most Australian supermarkets have begun cutting on their use of plastic bags.
C．People at Coles Bay think poor environment may affect their tourism.
D．You have to pay for the plastic bags if you go shopping in Ireland.
4.The example of Coles Bay is to show that ______.
A．people take serious actions to deal with the plastic bag problem
B．people begin to realise the harm of using plastic bags
C．Australia is the first country in solving the plastic bag problem
D．Australians are aware of the importance of protecting the small town
5.Which of the following measures on plastic bags is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A．To forbid to use them by law.
B．to charge fee for plastic bags.
C．To make them thick enough to be reuseable.
D．To make them environmentally friendly.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆陜西省高三第二次質量檢測英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Movie makers at one time worried that they might be put out of business by television. Recently, however, more and more people have been going to the movies. This may be partly because the economic situation in America has worsened. When at the movies, people forget their troubles, as they get involved in the story on the screen. Also, directors have recently been producing pictures that large numbers of people want to see.
Americans in the millions are returning to their love affair with the movies. Motion picture industry experts see two main factors responsible for this: an increased need by Americans to escape from economic worries and a large number of new movies with broad audience appeal.
Movie makers admit that their rising popularity is partly the result of poor economic conditions, which traditionally bring an increase in theater attendance. “When people are fearful about the future, they look for escape,” comments Jack Valenti, president of the Motion Picture Association of America. “In a shaded theater, with a 65-foot screen, you lose yourself for two and a half hours and people find this beneficial.”
1.What did movie makers worry about before?
A. That no one would go to the cinema.
B. That movies couldn’t be a business any more.
C. That their movies might be played on television.
D. That people preferred watching TV to seeing films.
2.Why are so many people going to see movies now?
A. Because people now have much more money.
B. Because people have troubles.
C. Because people wanted to escape from real life.
D. Because watching movies is now much cheaper than watching TV.
3.The main topic of American movies is about .
A. economy B. love C. tradition D. not mentioned
4.According to the passage, which statement is True?
A. At present, more and more people have been going to the movies.
B. Movies attracted people only by motion pictures.
C. Jack Valenti is anxiously looking for escape from movies.
D. Movie industry is welcome by Chinese people.
5.What does the underlined word mean in the first paragraph?
A. become bad B. become popular C. become attractive D. become amazing
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學年浙江省高一上學期期中考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh and do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don't always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend.
No two people are the same. Sometimes friends don't get along well, which doesn't mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will go on being friends. Sometimes friends move away, then we feel very sad. We miss them much, but we can call them and write to them. Maybe we would never see them again, and we can make new friends. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them. Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. Many places are named after men and women, if they are friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way. So are some schools. We think of these people when we go to these places.
There's more good news for people, if they have friends. These people live longer than those people if those don't have friends. Why? It could be that they are happier. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares, if someone cares about you, you take better care of yourself.
1. The first paragraph tells us __________.
|
A．none needs friends |
|
B．we always need friends around us |
|
C．making friends is the need in people's life |
|
D．we need to be alone |
2. Which of the following is what the writer doesn't say in the passage?
|
A．People are happy when their friends leave them. |
|
B．People may never see their friends after their friends move away. |
|
C．People can know their friends in different ways. |
|
D．People like their friends very much if they get to know them. |
3. Which of the following is the most probable place people name after friendly people?
|
A．A house. |
B．A room. |
C．A library. |
D．A village. |
4. If people have friends, they would live longer, because __________.
|
A．they feel happier and healthier |
|
B．they get a lot of help from their friends |
|
C．they take better care of themselves |
|
D．both A and C |
5. This passage tells us __________.
|
A．that people are all friends |
|
B．that people need friends |
|
C．how to get to know friends |
|
D．how to name a place |
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