Need for closure is a psychological term that describes a person's desire for a firm answer to a question. Our need for closure is our natural preference for definite answers over confusion and uncertainty. Every person has their own baseline level of need for closure. It likely evolved via natural selection.
What I find really fascinating is how our need for closure is affected by the situation we're in. Our need for closure rises when we have to act rather than just observe, and it matters much more when we're rushed, or bored, or tired. Any stress can make our discomfort with uncertainty increase, and a high need for closure negatively influences some of our most important decisions: who we decide to trust, whether we admit we're wrong and even how creative we are.
In hiring, for instance, a high need for closure leads people to put far too much weight on their first impression. It's called the Urgency Effect. In one experiment, psychologists tried to lower people's need for closure by telling them, right before participants are about to make various judgments of a job candidate, that they'll be responsible in some way for them, or that their judgments have serious consequences.
In making any big decision, it's not enough just to know that we should take our time. We all know that important decisions shouldn't be rushed. The problem is that we don't keep that advice in mind when it matters. So, one of the best solutions is to formalize the reminders. Before making important decisions, write down not just advantages and disadvantages but what the consequences could be. Also, think about how much pressure you're under. If your need for closure is particularly high that day, it's even more important to think twice.
1.How does "need for closure" probably come into being?
A. By accident. B. By nature.
C. By acquiring. D. By imitating.
2.It can be inferred that a high need for closure ______.
A. brings about more stress
B. leads to not so good decisions
C. causes discomfort and uncertainty
D. promotes one's creativity
3. In the experiment the psychologists reduced participants’ need for closure by telling them to ______.
A. value their first impression
B. be responsible for their boss
C. be cautious about their judgments
D. pay little attention to the consequences
4.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A. More helpful solutions to high need for closure.
B. Some serious consequences of making decisions.
C. Other approaches to making important decisions.
D. Another strategy to escape the pressures of modern life.
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2016-2017學(xué)年甘肅天水一中高二上第二階段考英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：完形填空
It was unusually quiet in the emergency room on December 25. I didn’t think there would be any , sighing (嘆息)about having to work on Christmas. Just then five bodies at my desk, a pale woman and four children.
“Are you all ?” I asked. “Yes,” she said weakly and lowered her head.
But when it came to their problems, things got a little strange. They all claimed to have headaches, but the headaches weren’t by the normal body language of holding the head or trying to keep it still.
Something was wrong. Our hospital policy, , was not to turn away any patient. I explained it might be a little while a doctor saw her. She responded immediately, even a bit “Take your time,” and then added, “It’s warm in here.”
Then, I checked their registration（登記，注冊(cè)） form out of curiosity. No address—they were .The waiting room was warm. I went back to the nurses’ station and mentioned we had a homeless in the waiting room. The nurses, complaining of on Christmas, turned to sympathy for a family just trying to get on Christmas. The team went into action, much as we do when there’s a emergency. But this was a Christmas emergency.
We were all a free meal on Christmas Day, so we took back that meal and prepared a big dinner for our .We needed presents. We from different departments candies, fruits and other things that could be presents. Just like we the physical needs of the patients, our team worked to meet the needs of a family who just wanted to be warm on Christmas.
, as the family walked to the door to , the mother came running back, gave me a hug and whispered, “Thanks for being our angels today.”
1.A. customers B. patients C. workers D. doctors
2.A. showed up B. took in C. came out D. looked on
3.A. tired B. hungry C. sick D. warm
4.A. describe B. comment C. instruct D. remember
5.A. accompanied B. adjusted C. acknowledged D. affected
6.A. therefore B. otherwise C. however D.moreover
7.A. after B. since C. before D. when
8.A. shyly B. happily C. calmly D. sadly
9.A. lonely B. greedy C. clever D. homeless
10.A. family B. holiday C. woman D. Christmas
11.A. operating B. interrupting C. managing D. working
12.A. present B. warm C. water D. approval
13.A. beneficial B. friendly C. medical D. different
14.A. rewarded B. offered C. allowed D. ordered
15.A. neighbors B. relations C. brothers D. guests
16.A. borrowed B. received C. collected D. bought
17.A. expensive B. useful C. convenient D. available
18.A. understood B. satisfied C. refused D. found
19.A. Soon B. Later C. Next D. Gradually
20.A. leave B. cry C. eat D. greet
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2016-2017學(xué)年黑龍江齊齊哈爾實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高一上期中英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：單項(xiàng)填空
We had ______ fun at Mary’s party last Sunday.
A. a large number of
B. a great many
C. a great deal of
D. many a
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2016-2017學(xué)年西藏拉薩中學(xué)高一上第一學(xué)段考試英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：完形填空
閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
Making friends is a skill. Like most skills，it ________ with practice. If you want to meet people and make friends, you must be able to take some actions. You must first go ________ there are people. You won’t make friends staying home alone.
________ a club or a group, for talking with those who like the same things as you do is ________ easier. ________ join someone in some activities.
Many people are ________ when talking to people. After all，meeting ________ means facing the unknown. And it’s human nature to feel a bit uncomfortable about the ________.
Most of our fears about dealing with new people come from doubts about ourselves. We think other people are judging us，find us too tall or too short，too ________ or too fat. ________ don’t forget that they must be feeling the same way. Try to ________ yourself as you are，and try to put the other person at ease(舒適). And you’ll feel more ________.
Try to act self-confidently(自信地) even if you don’t feel that way ________ you enter a room full of strangers，such as a new classroom，walk tall and straight，look directly at other people and ________. If you see someone you’d like to ________ something to, don’t wait for ________ person to start a conversation.
Just meeting someone ________ doesn’t mean that you will make friends with that person—________ is based on mutual(相互的) liking and “give and take”. It takes ________ and effort to develop. And there are things that ________ a new friendship from growing.
1.A. producesB. improvesC. increasesD. raises
2.A. whereB. whenC. whyD. what
3.A. Join inB. AttendC. JoinD. Take part
4.A. veryB. moreC. everD. much
5.A. OrB. ButC. So thatD. Either
6.A. nervousB. excitedC. worriedD. happy
7.A. friendsB. classmatesC. strangersD. teachers
8.A. unknownB. richC. poorD. old
9.A. bigB. thickC. kindD. thin
10.A. SoB. ThenC. ButD. Too
11.A. receiveB. acceptC. thinkD. find
12.A. friendlyB. comfortableC. niceD. good
13.A. beforeB. afterC. untilD. when
14.A. laughB. smileC. stareD. speak
15.A. sayB. tellC. speakD. talk
16.A. anotherB. otherC. the otherD. others
17.A. youngB. oldC. smallD. new
18.A. loveB. friendshipC. dislikeD. care
19.A. moneyB. troubleC. timeD. information
20.A. stopB. startC. haveD. help
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2017屆廣東實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三10月考英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：單詞拼寫
閱讀下面句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)首字母、中文意思或括號(hào)中所給單詞的提示，在空白處填入適合的單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型或語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的正確形式，使句子完整通順。（特別注意：每空一詞；按小題給分）
1. Nearly 800 of those victims s________(尋求) help but declined to file complaints against their attackers.
2.They left the lights down to create a comfortable a________.
3.The spread of u________ areas destroys the habitats of wildlife and endangers some species.
4.Be m________ and don’t be conceited. Otherwise, you will lag behind.
5.We should direct our attention at the f________(基本的) question.
6.科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)的基因無(wú)法解釋所有的那些情況。
The gene that the scientists have discovered today doesn’t ________ ________ all of those cases.
7.像硅谷這樣的地方一定會(huì)產(chǎn)生與高科技相關(guān)的服務(wù)。
Places like Silicon Valley will no doubt ________ ________ ________ services related to Hi-tech.
8. 既然已著手這份工作，就必須盡最大的努力完成。
________ ________ you put your hand to the work, you must do your utmost to finish it.
9. 你不應(yīng)該僅僅因?yàn)橐粋�(gè)人貧窮而瞧不起他。
You shouldn’t ________ ________ ________ a person just because he is poor.
10.大多數(shù)出色的律師和推銷員都有勸說他人的天分。
Most of the best lawyers and salespeople really________ ________ ________ ________ persuasion.
11. I ________(true) feel sorry for your terrible loss.
12.The more he explained about it, the ________ (bad) things got.
13. In China, kids are often compared ________ “the flowers of motherland”. (介詞填空)
14.The workers of this factory are paid ________ the hour. (介詞填空)
15. Mary likes the bedroom, from ________ window a beautiful lake can be seen.
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2017屆黑龍江哈爾濱師范大學(xué)附中高三上期中考試英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：翻譯
短語(yǔ)
1.贊成某事____________
2.由某人支付費(fèi)用____________
3.異口同聲地 ____________
4.滿足……要求____________
5.與……通信_(tái)___________
6.使某事開始（非set out/about）____________
7.與……一致, 吻合____________
8.指責(zé)某人某事____________
9.與……相關(guān)的____________
10.抓住 ____________
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2017屆黑龍江哈爾濱師范大學(xué)附中高三上期中考試英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
There is a famous story about British poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was writing a poem when he was interrupted by a knock at the door.
This was an age before telephones. Someone was delivering a message. When Coleridge got back to his poem, he had lost his inspiration. His poetic mood had been broken by the knock on his door. His unfinished poem, which could otherwise have been a masterpiece, would now never be more than a little piece.
This story tells how unexpected communication can destroy an important thought, which brings us to the cell phone.
The most common complaint about cell phones is that people talk on them to the annoyance of people around them. But more damaging may be the cell phone’s interruption of our thoughts.
We have already entered a golden age of little white lies about our cell phones, and this is by and large (大體上) a healthy, protective development. “I didn’t hear it ring” or “I didn’t realize my phone had shut off” are among the lies we tell to give ourselves space where we’re beyond reach.
The notion of being unreachable is not a new concept—we have “Do Not Disturb” sign on the doors of hotel rooms. So why must we feel guilty when it comes to cell phones? Why must we apologize if we decide to shut off the phone for a while?
Now time alone, or a conversation with someone next to us which cannot be interrupted by a phone, is something to be cherished. Even cell phone devotees（信徒）, myself usually included, can’t help at times wanting to throw their phones away, or curse(咒罵) the day they were invented.
But we don’t and won’t, and there really is no need. All that’s required to take back our private time is a general social recognition that we have the right to it. In other words, we have to develop a healthy contempt (輕視)for the rings of our own phones.
A cell phone call deserves no greater priority than a random word from the person next to us，though the call on my cell phone may be the one-in-a-million from Steven Spielberg—who has finally read my novel and wants to make it his next movie. But most likely it is not, and I’m better off thinking about the idea I just had for a new story, or the slice of pizza I’ll eat for lunch.
1. What is the point of the anecdote about the poet Coleridge in the first three paragraphs?
A. To emphasize the disadvantage of not having a cell phone.
B. To encourage readers to read the works of this poet.
C. To show how important inspiration is to a poet.
D. To direct readers’ attention to the main topic.
2. What does the writer think about people telling “white lies” about their cell phones?
A. It is a way of signaling that you don’t like the caller.
B. It is basically a good way to protect one’s privacy.
C. We should feel guilty when we can’t tell the truth.
D. It is natural to tell lies about small things.
3. According to the author, what is the most annoying problem caused by cell phones?
A. Cell phones interrupt people’s private time.
B. With cell phones it is no longer possible to be unreachable.
C. People feel guilty when they are not able to answer their cell phones.
D. People get so obsessed with the cell phone rings that they fail to notice anything else.
4. What does the last paragraph imply?
A. Never let cell phones disturb your life too much.
B. A person who calls us from afar deserves more of our attention.
C. Steven Spielberg once called the author to talk about the author’s novel.
D. You should always finish your lunch before you answer a call on the cell phone.
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2017屆山西“晉商四校”高三11月聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
In 1880, fourteen-year-old Matthew Henson loved to hear sailors tell tales of their exciting lives at sea. The travel, the adventure, the danger, and the steady pay were all attracting young Henson. One day, he found a job as a cabin boy on a beautiful ship called the Katie Hinds. For the next five years, Henson sailed around the world. With the help of the ship’s captain and other members of the crew, Henson learned mathematics, navigation, history, geography, and many other subjects. By the time he left the Katie Hinds in 1885, Henson was well educated and had become an excellent seaman.
Unable to find work anywhere else, Henson took a job in a hat shop in Washington, D.C. One day in 1887, a man came in to buy a hat. The man, Robert Peary, asked the owner if he knew anyone with experience at sea. Peary would soon travel to South America for the U.S. government. He needed experienced men to accompany him. The shop owner knew about his young employee’s skills and experience on ocean journeys, so he introduced Peary to Henson.
Using his map-reading and sailing skills, Henson proved himself to be a worthy and smart seaman. Peary soon made Henson his assistant（助理）, and they became close friends. One day Peary told Henson about his real dream: to be the first man to stand on “the top of the world” at the North Pole. He asked Henson to help him make his dream come true. Over the next five years, the two explorers made two trips together to the Arctic. However, they were not able to reach the pole either time. The cold, wind, and ice were worse than either of them had ever imagined.
In 1908, Peary and Henson were ready to make their final attempt at reaching the North Pole. Both men were over forty years old. The years of hardship in the arctic cold had made them suffer a lot. This would be their last chance. With four Inuit（因紐特）guides, they made a mad rush straight across the ice toward the pole. Peary’s feet were injured and he had to be pulled on a dogsled. In April 1909, Henson’s instruments showed they were standing at the North Pole. Together Henson and Peary planted the American flag in the snow.
In later years, Robert Peary and Henson were greatly honored for their achievements. Today, the two friends and fellow explorers lie in heroes’ graves not far apart in the Arlington National Cemetery.
1.In paragraph 1, the author shows how Henson became ________.
A. a wonderful seaman
B. an educated captain
C. a good shop assistant
D. a successful learner
2.Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.
A. why Matthew Henson went to the hat shop
B. how Matthew Henson met Robert Peary
C. why Matthew Henson stopped working on the Katie Hinds
D. how Robert Peary knew Matthew Henson had sea experience
3.The following statements are TRUE except ________.
A. Henson proved himself a better seaman than Peary
B. Peary wanted Henson to help him realize his dream
C. Before their final attempt, they made two trips together
D. After they died, they were highly respected by people
4.The story between Henson and Peary could best be compared to ________.
A. treasure hunters looking for fortunes
B. sailors seeking power over others
C. soldiers fighting for their freedom
D. fighters exploring an unknown land
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來源：2016-2017學(xué)年河北定州高一上期中考試英語(yǔ)卷（解析版） 題型：語(yǔ)法填空
閱讀下列材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容 或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Alice :What do you think of the people in our class ?I think most of them are kind .
Johnson : I think1.,too. But I don’t like Mark. He is so self-important. I dislike this kind of people.
Alice :Mike is fascinating . I’m fond 2.people who have something intelligent to say.
Johnson : Carol is fun to be with . I really look forward to3.(hear ) her jokes. What do you think of Tom ?
Alice : He is all right. But I don’t like him. .What do you think of him ?
Johnson : I think he is OK. He is very quiet, so4.is hard to know what kind of person he really is.
Alice :I like John 5.she is a very interesting girl and crazy about boy bands.
Johnson : Really ? I’m mad on them too. I should get to know her better.Are you6. (interest ) in music ?
Alice :I think that dance music is excellent. I love going to a disco and dancing to the music. I enjoy7.( meet ) new people there .
Johnson : My parents hate dance music . If I play it at home , they always complain. Are your parents8.same?
Alice : My mom9. (hate ) it , but my dad thinks it’s OK.He doesn’t mind as
10. as I don’t play the music too loud .
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