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In a recent study, researchers have estimated the energy required to produce bottled water, including the energy required to manufacture plastic, make the plastic into bottles, process the water, fill and seal the bottles, transport the bottles, and chill the bottles for use. Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that producing bottled water requires between 5.6 and 10.2 million joules(焦耳) of energy per liter, depending on transportation factors. That's up to 2, 000 times the energy required to produce tap water.
To break down the energy requirements, researchers found that producing the plastic bottles and transporting the bottles greatly dominated(控制) the energy input. Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, the researchers calculated that the manufacturing cost is about 4 million joules of energy per plastic bottle weighing 38 grams, and the cap weighing 2 grams.
“Our previous work had suggested that bottled water production was an energy intensive process, but we were surprised to see the results, ” the researchers said.
Transportation costs vary depending on the distance and mode of transport and both factors depend on the type of bottled water. There are two main kinds of bottled water in the US:^” spring water” which comes from an underground spring and “purified water”,which is city tap water that has received further treatment. For purified water distributed locally by truck within Los Angeles, the total transportation energy is about 1.4 million joules per liter. In the second situation, spring water shipped from Fiji (such as Fiji Spring Water) across the Pacific to Los Angeles, and then delivered locally by truck requires about 4 million joules per liter for transportation. For the spring water, the transportation energy equaled (in the case of Fiji) the energy required to produce the bottle.
With this data, the researchers hope that future studies will have the ability to make specific estimates for different situations, and possibly find ways to cut energy costs.
小題1:From the first Paragraph we can know that the energy required to ______.

A．produce bottled water includes the energy required to drink it

B．distribute bottled water includes the energy for producing the bottles

C．distribute bottled water is much smaller than the energy for treating it

D．produce bottled water is much smaller than the energy for producing tap water

小題2:To reduce the energy required to produce bottled water, some companies are trying ______.

A．to fill tap water into the plastic bottles directly

B．to replace the plastic bottles with metal containers

C．to produce lightweight bottles with recycled materials

D．to use bicycles to transport and deliver bottled water locally

小題3:What's Paragraph 4 mainly talking about?

A．Treatment of bottled water needs no energy input at all.

B．Bottled water production is an energy intensive process.

C．Transportation of bottled water takes up the most energy input.

D．Production of the plastic bottles greatly dominated the energy input.

小題4: We can infer from the passage that ______.

A．there are two main kinds of bottled water in the US

B．world consumption of bottled water has been increasing

C．transportation costs have something to do with the mode of transport

D．bottled water produced in Spring is more expensive than purified water

小題5: What's the main purpose of the passage?

A．To help consumers themselves make more environmentally sustainable choices.

B．To advise the government to take severe measures to stop producing bottled water.

C．To urge the consumers to drink tap water instead of bottled water for the sake of the earth.

D．To try the best to find ways to produce bottled water cheaply and quickly for the companies.

小題1:B
小題2:C
小題3:C
小題4:B
小題5:A

試題分析：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)瓶裝水所消耗的能量是自來水的2000倍，進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)處理水不需要什么能量，消耗的大量的能量都用在了裝水和運水上，研究人員希望通過研究找出削尖能源消耗的方法，作者的目的是希望通過這篇文章引起大家對這件事的注意，自覺采取措施保護環(huán)境。
小題1:細節(jié)題;從第一段的句子：Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that 可知瓶裝水的消耗分兩部分：處理和運送，選B
小題2:細節(jié)理解題：從第二段的句子Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, 可知為了減少生產(chǎn)瓶裝水需要的能源，很多公司使用回收材料做的輕的飲料瓶，選C
小題3:段落大意題：文章第三段對第四段的內(nèi)容進行提示，第四段對比了幾種水的運輸能量，最后一句以泉水做例子，運送能量就等于生產(chǎn)能量，選C
小題4:推理判斷題：最后一段表明研究人員希望進一步研究能找出削減能量的方法，由此可以判斷，瓶裝水本身就消耗能量，且由于消耗不斷攀升，導致問題越來越嚴重，從而導致這個研究，根據(jù)第四段A和C是事實，D是錯的，故選B
小題5:寫作意圖題：文章沒有提到政府要停止生產(chǎn)瓶裝水，也沒有建議只喝自來水，更沒有談到是想幫助有些公司，最后一段提到研究的目的是找到消減能量的辦法，選A

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B．A ban on the use of animals in the lab should be enforced.

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B．2 soft drinks a day are considered harmful to health

C．87 out of 140 volunteers developed pancreatic cancer

D．sugar might not be the only cause of pancreatic cancer.

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A．Satisfied

B．Doubtful

C．Worried

D．Hopeful

小題3:The best title of the text might be_______

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

What exactly is intelligence? There aren’t any easy answers．Despite the progress that has been made in genetics and psychology, human intelligence has remained one of the most controversial areas of modern science，until now, that is, for the discovery of a gene linked to intelligence has made the experts think again．
Robert Plomin of the Institute of Psychiatry in London and his colleagues in the US have been looking into genetic make-up．From their research, they have discovered that a slightly different gene is more common in those with a high IQ．Plomin analyzed DNA from two groups of 51 children aged between 6 and 15．What he found was that the first group had an IQ of 136, putting them in the top 5% of the population, while the other group had an average IQ of 103．An analysis of their genes showed that 32% of children in the higher group had the gene in question, while only 16% in the second group did．However, there is a lot more research to be done, and Plomin himself is cautious at this early stage．He suggests that there are probably many genes that contribute to intelligence, rather than just one. Several studies have shown a strong link between IQ and career success, although some psychologists remain unconvinced about this．Professor Michael Rowe, who has written a book called Genius Explained, is one of these．“The people with the highest IQs are not usually the ones who do best in their careers．”
Many psychologists now believe that when it comes to intelligence, IQ isn’t everything．Many alternative views have been put forward recently．One example is the idea of multiple intelligences, which was developed in the 1980s by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner．This offers a much broader view than the IQ theory, including creativity and communication skills as relevant factors in intelligence．
Tony Buzan, brain expert and author of Master your Memory, is enthusiastic about this belief, arguing that true geniuses do indeed appear to combine high levels of each type of intelligence．He lists Alexander the Great, Pablo Picasso and Albert Einstein as examples．At the same time, Buzan believes that everyone can develop their intelligence, only if they take the trouble to exercise their brain．Perhaps there’s hope for us all!
小題1:What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A．The development of intelligence

B．The idea of multiple intelligences

C．IQ isn’t everything for intelligence

D．Alternative views have been put forward

小題2:Why does the author use data in Paragraph 2?

A．To make a suggestion．	B．To draw a conclusion
C．To prove an idea．	D．To give an example

小題3:What can we learn from the passage?

A．Robert Plomin confirms genes have something in common

B．Howard Gardner thinks intelligence includes various factors

C．Michael Rowe approves of a strong link between IQ and career

D．Tony Buzan agrees geniuses exercise brain to improve intelligence

小題4:What might be the best title of the passage?

A．The relationship between genes and intelligence

B．IQ benefits a lot from high intelligence

C．How to develop intelligence．

D．What makes intelligence.

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