Research shows that humans switch from selfish to unselfish behaviour when they are watched. Do you?
A picture of a set of eyes on a computer screen can cause a change in the way people act. Even images of eyes on a charity donation, collection box encourage people to be unselfish, because people put more money in a collection box that has a picture of eyes on it than they do when a flower symbol is on the box.
Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin, the authors of a new study, found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behaviour. Their report also referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it.
It is not just humans that act unselfishly when they are being watched. A fish called the grooming fish cleans other fish. When other fish are around, it is gentler. When no other fish are around, however, the grooming fish bites chunks from the fish it is supposed to be cleaning.
The researchers suggest that the best way to get people to behave in the correct way is to make them feel watched. This could be the reason for the success of a famous American army poster. On it was a picture of an elderly man staring fiercely and pointing, it appeared, to the person who was looking at the poster. Under the picture was the caption 'I Want You' It encouraged hundreds of thousands of young American men to join the army during the Second World War to fight the Germans and Japanese.
【小題1】According to the report, why does a person behave better when he feels he is being watched?
| A．He does not want to be shamed by others. |
| B．He needs to show he is a good person. |
| C．He desires others to like him more. |
| D．He feels he will receive some social reward. |
| A．It describes changed behaviour when observed. |
| B．It details ways to control people's behaviour. |
| C．It tells how to make people work harder. |
| D．It discusses different advertising methods. |
| A．In a newspaper. |
| B．In a scientific journal. |
| C．In an advertising magazine. |
| D．In a science textbook. |
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閱讀理解
The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted(抵制) in the market places despite their product's obvious advantages. Furthermore，the advertising expense for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the users' seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers doubt that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was supported by one of motivation research's classic studies, one often cited(引用) in the trade. Mason Haire of the University of California constructed two shopping lists that were the same except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, bread, baking powder, canned peaches, and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in fifth place on both lists, read“l(fā)ib. Maxwell House coffee”on one list and“Nescafe instant coffee”on the other. One list was given to each one in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman(personality and character) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on，her list was lazy; only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.
1．The result of the investigation showed that _____.
[ ]
A．women who used regular coffee were good planners
B．most of the women investigated were good at reasons
C．many women believed that wives who used instant coffee were lazy
D．housewives who used instant coffee were lazy
2．In the study, the women were supposed to give the opinions about _____.
[ ]
A．which was better, instant coffee or regular coffee
B．women's attitude towards shopping
C．the necessity of making such a shopping list
D．the personality of a woman who would prepare such a list
3．Judging by the result of the study many women were not interested in instant coffee because _____.
[ ]
A．they didn't trust advertisements
B．instant coffee was not suited to their taste
C．they wanted to show that they were intelligent
D．they had a sense of shame about using instant coffee
4．The“instant coffee”probably means _____.
[ ]
A．expensive coffee
B．coffee made up quickly for use
C．cheap coffee
D．coffee made up slowly for use
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Direction：Read the following passage．Answer the questions according to the information given by the passage．
Behavioral risk factors have a great effect on cancer risk in the elderly population of the US, according to a research．About 80 percent of all cancers are diagnosed(診斷)in the elderly, and more than 80 percent of known risk factors are possibly preventable, US researchers say．
Igor Akushevich of Duke University in Durham, N．C．, said the main purpose of the study was to discover a way to find out the contributions of measurable risk factors to cancer risk among the elderly．More analysis is needed before the finding can actually be used．“So far, we have not come to the stage where we are able to make specific recommendations regarding risk factors,” Akushevich said in a statement．But according to the study, cigarette smoking does increase the risk of lung cancer．
The researchers said they were surprised at some of the findings．Cancer risk is not connected with alcohol drinking, as reported in other studies．A possible explanation may be that those aged 65 or older tend to drink moderately(適度地)．
“Other interesting findings are an increased risk of breast cancer for those women who are afraid to go to the doctor to have examinations and a decreased risk of breast and lung cancers for those who never lose their temper,” Akushevich said．
Light and moderate physical activities decrease the risk of cancer, but too much exercise may augment the risk, the study said．
The findings were presented at the American Association for Cancer Research's International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research．
1．Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “augment”．
2．According to the passage, what kinds of people are less likely to develop breast and lung cancer?(no more than 5 words)
3．What's the main idea of this passage?(no more than 6 words)
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The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising cost for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers “seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product”. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons. However, this was confirmed by one of motivation research's classic studies, one often cited（引用）in the trade.
Mason Haire, professor of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were the same except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the bands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “1 Ib. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman（“personality and character”）who would draw up（制定）that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy; only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife. No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the house-wife who intended to buy regular coffee.
53. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .
why people drink coffee
B. why instant coffee was successful
C. why regular coffee was successful
D. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee
54. This investigation indicates that .
50 percent of housewives are lazy
B. housewives who use instant coffee are lazy
C. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazy
D. wives who use regular coffee are good planners
55. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a .
lazy housewife using regular coffee
B. hard-working housewife using instant coffee
C. lazy housewife using instant coffee
D. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee
56. It is implied but not stated that .
A. Despite its advantages, most people dislike instant coffee because of its taste.
B. The advertising cost for instant coffee was greater than for regular coffee.
C. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing things.
D. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy.
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解
The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising cost for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers “seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product”. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons. However, this was confirmed by one of motivation research's classic studies, one often cited（引用）in the trade.
Mason Haire, professor of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were the same except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the bands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “1 Ib. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman（“personality and character”）who would draw up（制定）that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy; only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife. No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the house-wife who intended to buy regular coffee.
53. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .
why people drink coffee
B. why instant coffee was successful
C. why regular coffee was successful
D. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee
54. This investigation indicates that .
50 percent of housewives are lazy
B. housewives who use instant coffee are lazy
C. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazy
D. wives who use regular coffee are good planners
55. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a .
lazy housewife using regular coffee
B. hard-working housewife using instant coffee
C. lazy housewife using instant coffee
D. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee
56. It is implied but not stated that .
A. Despite its advantages, most people dislike instant coffee because of its taste.
B. The advertising cost for instant coffee was greater than for regular coffee.
C. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing things.
D. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy.
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