As Artificial Intelligence（AI） becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.
Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, it’s necessary to translate our morals into AI language.
For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldn’t want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. “You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values,” said Russell.
Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn’t think that’s the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.
It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.
Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.
The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to so sufficient testing and they’ve produced a system that will break some kind of taboo（禁忌）.
One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.
If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps(嘟嘟聲), and ask for directions from a human. If we humans aren’t quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.
The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity.
1.What does the author say about the threat of robots?
A. It may constitute a challenge to computer progranmers.
B. It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.
C. It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.
D. It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated.
2.What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?
A. They are aggressive.B. They are outgoing.
C. They are ignorant.D. They are ill-bred.
3.How do robots learn human values?
A. By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.
B. By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.
C. By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.
D. By imitating the behavior of property brought-up human beings.
4.What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?
A. keep a distance from possible dangers.
B. Stop to seek advice from a human being.
C. Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.
D. Do sufficient testing before taking action.
5.What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?
A. Determine what is moral and ethical.
B. Design some large-scale experiments.
C. Set rules for man-machine interaction.
D. Develop a more sophisticated program.
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小學生10分鐘應用題系列答案科目：高中英語 來源：2017屆河南重點高中高三上第二次質量檢測英語卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
A group of Mississippi hunters who shot and killed an alligator (短吻鱷) weighting 910 pounds on Sunday, were amazed when they discovered that the animal already bore injuries caused by musket (步槍)from the Civil War era. A total of 9 bullets was found, and the various tests and analysis have confirmed that they were indeed fired at the animal in the 19th Century.
Nine of the wounds on the animal are believed to have been caused by Enfield Pattern 1853 muskets. These old injuries were concentrated around the animals tail and hind legs, suggesting that the alligator could have possibly been used as a target for shooting practice by Confederate troops.
The huge animal also bore five other bullet wounds from three different calibers (口徑）of hunting guns, as well as many dents and scars, which shows that it survived many firearm injuries in the past. It did not however, survive the six 50-caliber bullets fired at him by the group of amateur hunters from Jackson, who were finally able to take it down.
The bullets were confirmed as true musket from between 1850 and 1870. This incredible animal brings a whole new view on this large animal native to the southeastern United States. American alligators have been known for years to live well over 50 years and were thought capable of possibly living as long as 70 or 80 years, but this one was estimated to have been 185 years old at the time of its death.
Others like turtles, have been known, to have lifespans of over 150 years, but it is the first of crocodile of such an old age ever found. It is also one of the biggest alligators ever killed in the United States. The heaviest ever recorded, weighing in at an unbelievable 1,011.5 lbs, was pulled out of a river in Alabama in August of this yea.
1.Which of the following facts about the nine wounds is amazing ?
A. They didn’t cause death to the alligator.
B. They were concentrated around the animals’ tail and hind legs
C. They left many dents and scars on the alligator.
D. They were left by musket from the Civil War era.
2.What can be learned about American alligators?
A. They have a lifespan of over 150 years.
B. They can live as long as 70 or 80 years.
C. They weigh as much as 910 pounds on average.
D. They are the biggest alligators of all
3.What can be inferred from the passage ?
A. People’s understanding of American alligators may be changed
B. Rivers in Alabama must be full of such huge alligators
C. American alligators are in danger of dying out.
D. The six 50-caliber bullet is the most powerful one.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016-2017學年寧夏銀川市高一上期中考試英語卷（解析版） 題型：完形填空
閱讀下面短文, 從短文后各題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中, 選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項, 并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
Our teachers always warn us not to waste time if we want to be great people in the future because time lost will never . It is quite . We don’t know what time looks and we can’t see it or it. No amount of money can buy it. Time is abstract(抽象的), so we have to about it.
As we all know, time passes very quickly. Many students complain they don’t have time to review their lessons. In fact, they don’t know how to make of their time. They often waste it playing, and other useless things. Why do most people have to take buses walking. The answer is very . We wish to save time because time is .
Now we are living in the 21st century. We time as life . When a person dies, his life ends. Since life is short, we must our time and energy to our study so that we be able to work and live well in the future. Laziness is the of time, for it not only brings us , but also does other to us. If it is necessary for us to do our work today us do it today and not it until tomorrow. Time is much more .
1.A. returnB. passC. missD. go
2.A. easyB. trueC. interestingD. usual
3.A. forB. likeC. afterD. over
4.A. touchB. watchC. thinkD. dream
5.A. expectB. imagineC. examineD. check
6.A. spareB. freeC. enoughD. much
7.A. useB. upC. funD. sure
8.A. doingB. makingC. takingD. getting
9.A. instead ofB. insteadC. in place ofD. out of place
10.A. easyB. simpleC. stupidD. interesting
11.A. worthlessB. pricelessC. readyD. enough
12.A. look onB. agree withC. think overD. believe in
13.A. spendB. giveC. setD. devote
14.A. mustB. shouldC. mayD. would
15.A. helperB. thiefC. friendD. teacher
16.A. wealthB. healthC. failureD. illness
17.A. dangerB. harmC. troubleD. difficulty
18.A. helpB. introduceC. getD. let
19.A. keepB. remainC. manageD. leave
20.A. valuableB. expensiveC. worthD. rich
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016-2017學年山東濰坊高一上第一學段模塊監測英語卷（解析版） 題型：語法填空
閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當的內容（1個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。
Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide 1. they would be caught by the German Nazis. They hid away for nearly 25 months before they were discovered. She suffered from 2. (lonely). There was a time 3. the only true friend was her diary. She kept a diary 4. (set) down her experiences. One evening when it was warm, she stayed awake 5. purpose until half past eleven to look at 6. moon by herself. Another time when it was rainy, she didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the thundering clouds held her 7. (entire) in their power. It was the first time in a year and a half that she 8. (see) the night face to face. Sadly, she was only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very 9. (dust) windows. She thought it was no pleasure 10. (look) through these any longer because nature must be experienced.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016-2017學年浙江溫州中學高二上期中考試英語卷（解析版） 題型：書面表達
The worst tourist (旅行者) in the world may be Nicholas Scottie of San Francisco. Once he flew from the US. to his hometown in Italy. He had some troubles on his journey. The night before, he stayed up late to deal with some emails, so when he boarded on the plane he decided to have a sleep. Hours later, he was woken up by some noise and he found the plane had landed.
As he thought he had arrived home, Mr. Scottie got off the plane . He thought he was in Rome. However, the truth was that the plane made a one-hour stop to get oil at Kennedy Airport of New York.
Mr. Scottie waited at the airport for some while, but nobody was there to meet him, he thought maybe they were held up by heavy traffic which was very common in Rome. He decided to give his family a phone call. Unfortunately, he found he had left his cellphone at the hotel in San Francisco. Therefore, he decided to go home by himself. While he was walking in the city, Mr. Scottie found that the old “Rome” had changed a lot. Many old buildings were replaced by high modern ones. He also found that many people spoke English instead of Italian and that many street signs were written in English. What made him most surprised was that drivers’ awareness of traffic safety was improved and he hardly found any driver speeding on the road. All cars were driving in line. The condition was widely different from that in the past. He was feeling proud.
Mr. Scotti knew very little English, so he asked a policeman (in Italian) the way to the bus station . He happened to meet a policeman who was also born in Italy and answered him in the same language. Mr. Scotti thanked him, left, quickly found the bus station and got on a bus. He looked outside of the bus window.
注意：
1.所續寫短文的詞數應為150左右；
2.應使用5個以上短文中標有下劃線的關鍵詞語；
3.續寫部分分為兩段，每段的開頭語已為你寫好；
4.續寫完成后，請用下劃線標出你所使用的關鍵詞語。
Paragraph 1 ：
After twelve hours' travelling round on a bus, Mr. Scotti thought to himself that Rome had changed so much that he even failed to find his home
Paragraph 2 ：
To get him on a plane back to San Francisco, he was sent to the airport in a police car with sirens (警報) on.
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016-2017學年浙江溫州中學高二上期中考試英語卷（解析版） 題型：單項填空
Our evidence shows that ________ time outdoors is good for kids’ eyes.
A．spendB．to be spentC．spendingD．spent
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016-2017學年浙江溫州中學高二上期中考試英語卷（解析版） 題型：單項填空
According to the latest survey, most students focus more on how to find ________ good job when they leave ________ college.
A. a; theB. a; aC. a; 不填D. 不填; 不填
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科目：高中英語 來源：2016屆黑龍江鐵嶺高三市度協作體第三次聯考英語卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Modern life can be stressful. It’s full of pressure and hardships, worries and annoyances. But after years of being dosed up by doctors and seeking solutions on the self-help shelves, can most common complaints be cured through your next holiday?
The festival doctor will see you now.
Complaint | Prescription(處方) | Dosage(劑量) |
Guilty | Restart yourself at the Wanderlust Festival. | A weekend at any Wanderlust Festival should restrain some of the shame you are feeling. Empty your mind with meditation(冥想) sessions in the mountains of America or adjust your feelings with a sound bath in Santiago, Chile. |
Sad | A healthy dose of laughter at Just for Laughs in Montreal, Canada in July. | Have fun at the largest comedy festival, which attracts more than two million ha-ha hunters every summer. Apart from 250 comedy acts, there will be walkabout theatre, circus acts and lots of new comedy films to make you laugh to tears. |
Over- thinking | Get nourishing food for your thought at the UK’s How The Light Gets In in May. | Spend a week or so in the company of like-minded individuals and you will see you are not the only one overthinking things. The world’s largest philosophy festival, held in Hareous Wye, will have talks, debates and classes on culture, philosophy, politics, art and science. |
Heart- broken | Find one of your favourite fish in the sea at Ireland’s matchmaking festival in June. | A week at Liverpool’s matchmaking festival could be a choice as Ireland’s mythical matchmakers(媒人) have been pairing lovers together for centuries. Try to find Willie Dally, a fourth-generation matchmaker, for your best chance of everlasting love. Those who touch his lucky book are said to fall in love and marry within six months. |
1.When celebrating the festival Just for Laughs in Montreal, you will ________.
A. empty your mind with meditation sessions
B. be thrilled and your depression will be removed
C. burst into tears by watching comedy films
D. have discussions on the meaning of life
2.If you are thinking too much about work, you can spend a few days at ________.
A. the Wanderlust Festival
B. How The Light Gets In
C. Just For Laughs
D. Ireland’s matchmaking festival
3.According to the passage, we can learn the festival doctor specializes in ________.
A. treating people falling ill during festivals
B. listening to people’s complaints during festivals
C. offering a cure through the festival form
D. celebrating the festivals with the patients
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科目：高中英語 來源：2015-2016學年山東棗莊三中高二6月學情調查英語卷（解析版） 題型：書面表達
假設你是新華中學高二3班學生李華。請你以“My Dreaming Senior Year(理想高三)”為題寫一篇100-120詞的英語短文參加比賽。內容要點如下：
1. 簡單做自我介紹。
2.高三學習時間設計。
3. 業余活動的設想等。
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