Some fish form huge schools. Could fish set up schools and teach their children how to survive in the ocean? You may ask. No. Here the “schools” are not the places where you study. They are fish shoals (魚群) that cover tens of kilometers. What causes hundreds of millions of fish to gather and move together is one of biology’s mysteries.
Darkness appears to be the first step to the creation of shoals, according to a study published in the March 27 journal Science. A team of researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and five other institutions studied Atlantic herring (鯡魚), which forms shoals on a fishing ground off Massachusetts. They used an underwater imaging technology and fish-finding sonar (聲納) to observe the herring over several days in autumn when they spawn (產(chǎn)卵).
They found that, as the sun set, fish in scattered (分散的) groups began swimming much closer to one another than they normally do. When the number of fish reached a certain point in an area, this set off a chain reaction of similar behavior that spread like a sound wave through the water.
The herring’s movement seemed to be started by sunset. The team didn’t record the breakup of these shoals, but a previous study suggested that as the sun rose, the shoals fell apart.
“When the light fades (逐漸消失), it’s safer for the fish to move away from the seabed,” says Nicholas Makris, a professor at MIT who led the research. “Once they have a certain number of other fish, they suddenly come together - forming a shoal covering tens of kilometers within tens of minutes.”
Herring form shoals to migrate during the autumn spawning season. Some shoals were 40 km across and 30 m from top to bottom. They formed in deep water and moved into more shallow waters to spawn.
Forming shoals helps protect them from predators (掠食者) by giving them simple strength in numbers. The ordered movement of the shoal means the fish can reach their spawning ground more quickly and more safely.
Scientists have never before gathered information on so many animals acting together. Understanding these herring shoals could lead to more ideas about what causes animals to move in schools, says Iain Couzin, a biologist at Princeton University, US.
1. Which school in the following expressions is used the same way as the underlined one in the first paragraph?
A. schools of thoughts B. school a horse C. a school of whales D. a medical school
2. Which of the following statements is true?
A. There are more large shoals of herring at night than in the daytime.
B. The research on Atlantic herring was conducted independently by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
C. The larger the shoal of herring is, the more slowly it moves.
D. Scientists have found out the reason why fish gather and move together in huge shoals.
3. According to the research, herring tend to get together except ______.
A.when there are predators around B. when they spawn C. when the sun sets D. when the sun rises
4. What seems to be the main reason for herring to gather and move together?
A. To avoid the darkness.
B. To keep other kinds of fish out of their spawning ground.
C. To spawn in the shallow waters.
D. To make themselves feel safe.
每課必練系列答案科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年福建廈門大學(xué)附屬科技中學(xué)高二下學(xué)期期中考試英語卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解
A new United Nations report shows that fish farming may soon be the world’s most important provider of fish. The Food and Agriculture Organization says fish farming is growing at a rate of 6.6 percent a year.
Fish farming now produces forty-six percent of the world’s supply of fish. That represents a forty-three percent increase from 2006. The report also said fish farming earned more money in 2008 than traditional fisheries.
In fish farming, fish are raised in tanks or small bodies of water called ponds. They are also raised in cages or nets in oceans, lakes and rivers. The report says increased fish farming has helped people around the world eat record amounts of fish. The FAO says each person ate an average of almost seventeen kilograms of fish last year.
However, the FAO says the current yearly wild-fish harvest of ninety million tons shows no improvement. Decreasing numbers of fish and stronger catch limits have reduced the possibilities for catching wild fish. The FAO report says about thirty-two percent of world supplies are overfished. It says these supplies of fish need to be rebuilt at once.
Some scientists have criticized fish farming. They say the nets and cages permit fish diseases and pests to spread. Some fish farming critics doubt whether fish farming can keep growing at the current rate. But Wally Stevens of the trade group Global Aquaculture Alliance says the industry must continue developing to feed growing populations. Mr. Stevens says a one hundred percent increase in fish farming over ten years is necessary to keep providing for people at the current level. He notes that fish farming creates jobs and wealth, especially for people in coastal areas of China.
【小題1】We learn that since the year 2006, fish farming has been ______.
| A．earning more money than traditional fisheries |
| B．developing rapidly around the world |
| C．growing at a rate of 6.6 percent each day |
| D．producing 46% of the world’s supply of fish |
| A．buy more kinds of fishes | B．eat more fish than before |
| C．eat much healthier fish | D．eat much bigger fish |
| A．it is harder to catch wild fish than before. |
| B．It costs too much to rebuild supplies of fish. |
| C．There is no future for the market of wild fish. |
| D．Catching wild fish no longer brings benefits. |
| A．It doesn’t have disadvantages at all. |
| B．It cannot keep growing at the current rate. |
| C．It is not a good way of raising fish. |
| D．It must develop fast to supply a growing population. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：浙江省蕭山六中2009-2010學(xué)年度高二上學(xué)期期末測試 題型：閱讀理解
三：閱讀理解（共15小題，每小題2分，滿分30分）
第一節(jié)：閱讀下面的短文，從每題所給的四個選項中選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
As is known to all, in daily conversation modern people like to use simple words and simple sentences, especially some sentences with some parts left out. Here is an interesting example from the conversation between Henry, a fisherman, and his wife Sylvia. Do you know what they are talking about?
Sylvia: Going?
Henry: Been.
Sylvia: Any?
Henry: Some.
Sylvia: Big?
Henry: Small.
36. Which of the following is TRUE according to the conversation?
A. Sylvia got some fish for Henry. B. Henry didn’t catch any fish.
C. Sylvia has cooked some fish. D. Henry has just been back with some fish.
37. The text is mainly about .
A. catching fish in the sea B. spending holidays
C. short forms in daily talks D. joy in daily life
38. The writer wants to tell us simple words and sentences are ________ in daily conversation.
A. terrible B. popular C. out of date D. out of sight
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科目：高中英語 來源：2013-2014學(xué)年湖北省八校高三第一次聯(lián)考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：完型填空
When it is Tom’s turn for a cut, Mr. Smith places a wooden board covered with a piece of red leather across the arms of the chair, so that the barber doesn’t have to bend to cut the boy’s hair.
“Hey, young man, you’re , you won’t need this soon, you’ll be able to sit in the chair.” the barber says.
“Wow,” says Tom, turning round to look at his dad. “Dad, Mr. Smith said I could be sitting in the chair soon, not just on the !”
“So I hear,” his father replies. “I expect Mr. Smith will start me more for your hair then.”
In the Tom sees a little head sticking out of a long nylon cape. Occasionally he glances at the barber as he works. He smells a(n) of smelly sweat and aftershave as the barber moves around him, combing and cutting.
Tom feels like he is in another world, except for the sound of the barber’s shoes rubbing on the plastic carpet and the of his scissors. In the from the window he could see through the window, a few small clouds moved slowly through the frame, moving to the of the scissors’ click.
Sleepily, his eyes dropping to the front of the cape where his hair softly as snow and he sitting in the chair just like the men and older boys, the special left leaning against the wall in the corner.
When Mr. Smith has , Tom hops down from the seat. , he sees his own thick, hair mixed among the browns, greys and blacks of the men who have sat in the chair before him. For a moment he wants to reach down and the broken blonde hair, to them from the others, but he does not have time.
They reach the pavement outside the shop. “I tell you what, boy, let’s get some fish and chips to take home, your mum from cooking tea,” says Tom’s dad.
Tom is excited and catches his dad’s hand. He is surprised to find, warming in his father’s palm, a handful of his own .
1.A. building up B. sending up C. bringing up D. shooting up
2.A. desk B. board C. couch D. sofa
3.A. paying B. blaming C. charging D. accusing
4.A. mirror B. book C. shelf D. catalogue
5.A. steals B. discovers C. returns D. transforms
6.A. lack B. memory C. mixture D. expression
7.A. helpless B. noiseless C. fearless D. thoughtless
8.A. control B. direction C. effect D. click
9.A. immigration B. opposition C. reflection D. assumption
10.A. rhyme B. trail C. pattern D. sound
11.A. falls B. covers C. melts D. explodes
12.A. considers B. succeeds C. approves D. imagines
13.A. package B. bench C. scissors D. carpet
14.A. treated B. compromised C. finished D. entertained
15.A. Looking into B. Looking forward C. Looking up D. Looking down
16.A. blonde B. red C. black D. white
17.A. send for B. find out C. gather up D. show off
18.A. punish B. separate C. deliver D. confirm
19.A. persuade B. save C. excuse D. relax
20.A. money B. tip C. fish D. hair
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科目：高中英語 來源：2015屆吉林省高一下學(xué)期第一次月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Surrounded by the towns of Davidson, Huntersville and Cornelius, Lake Norman is a man-made lake. It is also the largest lake in the state covering a shoreline of more than 500 miles. State Park on the lake gives a chance for different water activities.
People, both tourists and locals, come to the area on weekends, where during the peak season a large crowd arrives to relax and have fun. A great activity for kids is education except fun. The tour covers aquatic(水生的) life, especially that seen at Lake Norman. Since it is more of an educational one it also covers other important knowledge about water.
Those wanting to go boating are seen off into the lake on canoes and pedal boats which are rented on hourly basis. The charges are $5 per hour increased by $3 for every additional(附加的) hour. The boats can be kept on the lake all day from 10 in the morning till 5 in the evening during the summers. Both canoes and pedal boats can seat 2 to 4 people.
The park also set up a group tent camp, where a site can hold about 25 people. People from all over the country come here to catch some fishing action, obviously hoping to catch some fish as well. The inner park lake is also great for fishing, though it offers a smaller area compared to Lake Norman. Those here for adventure like to go for biking and hiking on the trails inside the park.
Lake Norman is a great place to spend time with family and friends. People come here on vacation or simply to kick back after a week’s work and relax.
1.From the passage we learn that Lake Norman is ______.
A．the second largest lake in the USA
B．surrounded by the town of Davidson
C．not a natural one but made by people
D．a(chǎn)bout five hundred metres long
2.A large number of people came to the park ______.
A．to watch the performances here B．during the peak season
C．to have sports games D．a(chǎn)ll the year round
3.In what way does the park attract children except having fun?
A．Learning a lot. B．Catching fish.
C．Going hiking. D．Going cycling.
4.How much will you have to pay at least if the five of you want to go boating a day?
A．28 dollars. B．36 dollars. C．23 dollars. D．46 dollars.
5.If you want to save more money you can ______.
A．stay in the hotel that is near the park
B．come to the park in summer or spring
C．stay in the tent of the park for the night
D．fish in the small lake in the park
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年河北省石家莊市高三下學(xué)期第二次質(zhì)量檢測英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Fish have different personalities which change as they experience life’s highs and lows．a(chǎn)ccording to British biologists．
Researchers identified different“personalities” in their fish by observing the boldness or shyness of individuals，according to The Nature．Like people，some fish are very confident in the face of novelty(新奇事物)or conflict；while others are silent and fear．
The scientists selected particularly bold and shy rainbow trout，and tested whether they changed their outlook depending on what life threw at them．They arranged some fish to fight and others to watch to see how both the participants and observers responded to victories and defeats．Winning or losing a fight，or even watching fellow fish overcome the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures studied in the lab．
The researchers made fish compete with much larger or smaller opponents．to ensure that they would win or lose their fights．These bold fish that won their fights tended to be even bolder when later presented with a novel food item；losing their fight caused them to be much more cautious．
Fish also learn by watching others．Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery object were much more nervous when later given a novelty item for themselves．
Predictably，shy fish that won a fight also gained more confidence，but surprisingly，shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food，Sneddon said，adding that this could be due to what she calls a“desperado effect”(亡命徒效應(yīng))．
The new research suggests that animals can gradually adapt their personalities．The results echo the effects that life experience can have on human．
1.What does．the underlined word“creatures’’probably refer to?
A．Fish． B．Participants． C．Observers． D．Researchers．
2.The third paragraph of the text is mainly about—————．
A．a(chǎn) conclusion of the research
B．a(chǎn)n explanation of fish characters
C．a(chǎn) statement of the experiment
D．a(chǎn) description of fish fights
3.What can we know from the research?
A．Bold losing fish become—e bolder when presented With a novel food item．
B．Losing their fights causes the bold fish to be much more courageous．
C．Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery get less nervous．
D．Shy fish losing fights grow more confident in exploring new food．
4.What’s the main idea of the text?’
A．Fish have stress in the fierce fights．
B．Fish care about winning or losing a fight．
C．Fish have adaptable personalities．
D．Fish can learn a lot by watching others．
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