Question

Birds that are half-asleep — with one brain hemisphere (半球) alert(警覺) and the other sleeping — control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.
Earlier studies have recorded half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere’s eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird groups led researchers to predict extra alertness in the end-of-the-row sleepers which tend to be attacked more easily. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze(注視) direction.
Also, birds napping (打盹) at the end of the line depend on single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Turning 16 birds through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found that compared with 12 percent for birds in inner spots, outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of napping time.
“We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness at the same time in different regions of the brain,” the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing assumption that single-hemisphere sleep developed over time as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He’s seen it in a pair of birds napping side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.
Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water animals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds’ half-brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg.” He supposes that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.
【小題1】According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______.

A．they have to watch out for possible attacks

B．their brain hemispheres take turns to rest

C．the two halves of their brain are differently organized

D．they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions

【小題2】What is implied about the example of a bird’s sleeping in front of a mirror?

A．An imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security.

B．Birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of their security.

C．The phenomenon of birds napping in pairs is widespread.

D．A single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror.

【小題3】It can be inferred that _______.

A．Birds never sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.

B．Inner ducks depend on single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, as often as birds napping at the end of the line do

C．It is not the first time for scientists to research on birds’ half-brain sleep

D．Birds hardly sleep without a companion

【小題4】By saying “just the tip of the iceberg”, Siegel suggests that _______.

A．half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather

B．the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved

C．most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers

D．half-brain sleep may exist among other species

Answer 1

【小題1】A
【小題2】A
【小題3】C
【小題4】D

解析【小題1】細節理解題。結合single-hemisphere sleep developed over time as creatures scanned for enemies（半睡眠是動物為防范敵人進化而來的）可知答案。
【小題2】推理判斷題。結合第六段后兩句，即鳥在鏡子前睡覺的例子是對本段前兩句的進一步佐證。The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side... 是為了對敵人的進攻保持警覺，而The mirror-side eye closed是因為as if the reflection were a companion(好像鏡中的影像是它的同伴一樣) 為鳥提供安全感。
【小題3】推理判斷題。結合Earlier studies have recorded half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds可知答案。
【小題4】推理判斷題。根據最后一段可知“對鳥類的研究或許能使人們以獨特的視角了解睡眠。M. Siegel說，他認為鳥類的半睡眠‘只是冰山浮出水面的那一角’，并推斷當我們更深入地研究其他物種時還會發現更多類似的例子。”故D項為正確答案。